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The antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina ethanol and aqueous leaves extracts were investigated against some selected clinical isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., and Candida albicans. Agar well diffusion technique was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts (mg/ml) against the tested clinical isolates. The result showed that Vernonia amygdalina leaves extracts possess strong antimicrobial activities against the tested clinical isolates with aqueous leaves extracts exhibiting significantly (P<0.01) better zone of inhibition ranging from (11.4 to 12.5mm) against the tested clinical isolates compared to ethanol leaves extracts which showed moderate activities (P<0.05) ranging from (10.8 12.4mm) at concentration of 100mg/ml, although the differences are not significant (P>0.05).The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous and ethanol leaves extract for the different clinical isolates both ranged between 12.5 and 50mg/ml. The Phytochemical screening result revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, cardiac        glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and cardenolide, identified in the extracts. The results of this study showed that Vernonia amygdalina leaves extracts can be used as potential herbs for drug development for the curing of pathogens tested in this study and these activities could be attributed to the presence of these secondary metabolites.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
7. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. OVERVIEW OF A BITTER LEAF
3. ORIGIN OF BITTER LEAF
4. USES OF BITTER LEAF
5. PROPERTIES OF BITTER LEAF
6. BENEFIT OF BITTER LEAF
7. COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM VERNONIA AMYGDALINA
8. TRADITIONAL USES OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA
9. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA
10. CHEMOPREVENTIVE PROPERTIES OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

1. COLLECTION OF SAMPLES
2. TEST ORGANISMS
3. SAMPLE PREPARATION AND EXTRACTION
4. STERILITY PROOFING OF THE EXTRACT
5. STANDARDIZATION OF THE BACTERIAL CELL SUSPENSION

3.5.1 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract on the test organisms
3.5.2  Determination of zone of inhibition
3.6    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEAVES EXTRACTS
3.6.1 Test for Flavonoids
3.6.2  Test for Alkaloids
3.6.3  Test for Saponins
3.6.4  Test for Phenol
3.6.5  Test for Glycosides
3.6.6  Test for Tannins
3.6.7  Test for volatile oils
3.6.8 Test for Steroids
3.6.9  Test for Terpenoids
3.6.10 Test for Anthraquinones
3.7      STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0      RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                               INTRODUCTION

1.1                                                   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

With the recent trend of high percentage resistance of multiple- drug resistant microbial strains, efforts have been intensified by researchers to search for possible alternatives (Adetunji et al., 2013). Medicinal plants and traditional preparation with antimicrobial activities have been used extensively in the West African regions. These plants of medicinal important have been proven to be very effective even where treatments with antibiotics failed (Oshim et al., 2016). Vernonia amygdalina commonly called bitter leaf (English), Shuwaka (Hausa), Ewuro (Yoruba), Oriwo (Edo), and Olubu (Igbo) is a perennial shrub belonging to the family Asteraceae (Ghamba et al., 2014; Gashe & Zeleke, 2017). V. amygdalina is a shrub that can grows to 10 m tall with petiole leaf of about 6 mm in diameter and elliptic in shape and grows throughout tropical Africa and has been domesticated in various parts of West Africa including Nigeria, where it is locally used as vegetable in soups (Etim et al., 2012; Habtamu & Melaku, 2018). In some African countries including Nigeria, this plant species is traditionally used to treat many ailments including diabetes (Akah & Okafor, 1992), malaria, helminth infections, fever, (Magadula & Erasto, 2009), promote wound healing (Adetutu et al., 2011) and to treat microbial infections (Noumedem et al., 2013). Also, the Hausa tribe of the northern part of Nigeria used the root and twig of V. amygdalina to treat stomach-ache and gastrointestinal troubles (Akinpelu, 1999). It is also prescribed to nursing mother as it improves lactation (Anibijuwon et al., 2012).
The pharmacological study of V. amygdalina have been reported to demonstrated Antihelmitic and Antimalarial properties (Abosi & Raseroka, 2003), antitumorigenic properties (Izevbigie et al., 2004), analgesic and antipyretic activities (Tijjani et al., 2017), hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic effect in experimental animals (Nwanjo, 2005). The reported biologically active phytoconstituents from V. amygdalina are alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, coumarins, xanthones, phenolic acids, lignans, steroids, anthraquinones (Tona et al., 2004), edotides (Izevbigie, 2003), and sesquiterpene lactone (Kupchan et al., 1969). Despite the vast traditional used of V. amygdalina, it is still considered among the under exploited crops of economic significance. Thus, this study is aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity and the phytochemical constituents of V. amygdalina collected from Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria.

1.2                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT
Clinical drug are said to be traceable to the major cause of some chronic disease in most cases when it is wrongly taken and it is also costly. Because of these problems there is an urgent need to substantiate scientifically the roles of contemporary and native medicinal practices. This exercise will open up a new class of drugs which could be cheap, easily affordable, and with less or no side effects. Vernonia amygdalina has been ascertained to provide various culinary and medicinal properties, these medicinal properties exert bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effect on some bacteria (Effraim et al., 2010). This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical and antimicrobial of properties ethanol extracts of Vernonia amygdalina.

1.3                                    AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial studies of leaf ethanol extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. The objectives of the study are:
The specific objectives of this study where: 

1. To assess the phytochemical components of the extracts from the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina
2. To investigate the in-vivo anti-microbial activities of extracts from Vernonia amygdalina leaf in laboratory at different concentration
3. To study the general benefit of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract.

1.4                                            RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1: Extracts from the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina does contain phytochemical components
H2: Extracts from the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina shows significant percentage of parasitaemia inhibition.

1.5                                            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the phytochemicals screening of bitter leaf?
2. What are the medicinal benefits of Vernonia amygdalina?
3. What is the common name of Vernonia amygdalina and its uses?

1.6                                       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study have exposed used us to different medicinal values of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract which is said to be used to cure different bateria. This study will also serve as means of understanding the general benefit of Vernonia amygdalina (better leaf).

1.7                                        SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study analyses the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of the leaf of Vernonia amygdalina. The antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina ethanol and aqueous leaves extracts were investigated against some selected clinical isolates; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., and Candida albicans. The Phytochemical screening is also carried out for the presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins,      alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides,  steroids, terpenoids and cardenolide, identified in the extracts.

1.8                                       PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuss the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

 

 

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