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Themenaceofcurrentcasesofparasiteresistancetoanti-malarialdrugs,non-availabilityandaccessibility, and the high costs of pharmaceutical products contribute to the high rate of medicinalplantsconsumptioninthetreatmentofmalariainNigeria.Differentethnobotanicalsurveysonmedicinalplantswithanti-malarialpropertieshavebeenconductedacrossdifferentgeographicalregions in Nigeria in order to identify and select the most commonly used antimalarial plantsascandidates in the proposed national herbal pharmacopoeia. The medicinalplants used againstmalaria in thewestern, central, eastern and northern geographical regions inNigeriawasdiscovered to be mangifera indica. Mangifera indica was discovered with 80% appearanceeachacrossthe4regions and was thereforerankedasthemostusedfortreatmentofmalariainNigeria. This research was aimed to determine phytochemical composition and anti-malarial activity ofleaves extracts of Mangifera indica. Powdered leaves of Mangifera indica were extracted withwater, ethanol and chloroform solvents via percolation method. The extracts were tested forantibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A andSalmonellaParatyphiBusingagarwelldiffusionmethod.Theextractswerefurthersubjectedtophytochemical testsforthe presence ofsecondary metabolitesusing standard procedures.Results of the sensitivity test showed that highest zone of inhibition was observed in ethanolicextract with 13mm for S. Paratyphi A, 11mm for S. Paratyphi B, and 10mm for S. Typhi,followedbyaqueousextractwith11mmforS.ParatyphiBand10mmforS.Typhi.S.ParatyphiA, was resistant to both aqueous and chloroform extract of M. indica while S. Paratyphi B wasonly resistant to chloroform extract. Results of phytochemical screening indicated the presenceofalkaloids,flavonoids, steroids,tanninsandphenols.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- OVERVIEW OF MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.)
- PLANTDESCRIPTION
- ETHNOMEDICINALUSE OF MANGO
- NUTRIENTANDPHYTOCHEMICALS OF MANGO
- PHARMACOLOGICALUSE OF MANGO
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
- COLLECTIONANDIDENTIFICATIONOF PLANTMATERIALS
- EXTRACTION
- PHYTOCHEMICALSCREENING
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Malaria remains one of the major health challenges indevelopingcountriesdespitetheeffortsofdifferentorganizationsincludingtheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),WestAfrican HealthOrganization(WAHO),CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),the AfricanUnion'sScientific,TechnicalandResearchCommission(AU/STRC)amongotherstocontrolanderadicate it(WHO,2018).
Inmalariachemotherapy,medicinalplantshavealwaysplayedaleadingroleindrugdiscoveryandsuchdrugsareusedinnaturalformor synthesizedoractasstructuralmodelsforsemi-syntheticanti-malarialdrugs.QuininewasfirsttimeisolatedfromCinchonabarkagainst malaria in the early 18th century and became askeleton from which chloroquine (resochin), mefloquineandothersimilarantimalarialdrugswerelatersynthesized(Achanetal.,2011).
Historically(fromCinchonatoArtemisia),theplantkingdomremainsthesourceforantimalarialdrugdiscovery.Similarhistoryhas shownmanycurrenttherapeuticdrugs(e.g.digoxin,reserpine,morphine,etc.),atconventionalhealthcarelevelsforthemanagementofo therdiseasesfrommedicinalplants.According to the World Health Organization, 60% of theworld’s population depends on traditional medicine and80%ofthepeopleindevelopingcountriesdependentirelyontraditionalmedicinepracticesduetotheiraccessibility,folkloreand affordabilityfortheirprimaryhealthcareneeds(ChikezieandOjiako, 2015).
Thehighacceptabilityofmedicinalplantsthereforerequirestheneedsfortheirnationalstandardswhichguaranteetheconsistence, definiteidentification,reproducible safety, efficacy and qualities as a
valuablescientificreferencefordrugauthorities,manufacturers,generalpublicandresearchers(WHO,2011).Theseplants are normally selected based on their frequent usedacrossthecountry.
Mango (Mangifera indica)‘king of fruit’ belongs touse pharmacological potential as panacea. Mangifera indica leaves are used for the treatments of various ailments in folklore medicine.Mango extracts from leaves, fruit, seed kernel, fruit pulp, roots, bark and stem barkhave been used extensively for medicinal purposes in many countries5.The ethnomedicaluse of mango stem bark aqueous extract in Cuba has been documented widely5. It hasbeen extensively used in cancer, diabetes, asthma, infertility, lupus, prostatisis, prostatichyperplasia,gastricdisorders,arthralgies, mouthsoresandtooth pain.
This research was aimed to determine phytochemical composition and antimalarial activity ofextracts of Mangifera indica.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Clinical drug are said to be traceable to the major cause of some chronic disease in most cases when it is wrongly taken and it is also costly. Because of these problems thereisanurgentneedtosubstantiatescientificallytherolesofcontemporaryandnativemedicinalpractices.This exercisewillopenupanewclassofdrugswhichcouldbecheap,easilyaffordable,andwithlessornosideeffects.mangifera indicaisknowntoawonderherbalplantandmostofitspartsareusedtocurevariousailments such as malarial.
1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this research was to determinethephytochemicalcompositionoftheleavesextractofM.indicausedastraditionalmedicineand treatment of malarial.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study has exposed us to the used us to different use of mango leave most especially in treatment of malarial. From this study i shall be exposed to reasons while herbal medicines are chose over clinical drugs.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study analyses the phytochemical and anti-malarial properties of mangifera indica. From the study, extracts were further subjected to phytochemical tests for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard procedures. Results of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phenols and that mangifera indica is a good anti-malarial herb.
1.6 PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
The review Mangifera indica L. is a important medicinalplantutilizedforthetreatmentofUrinarydisordersanddifferent diseases. The roots, leaves, stem and bark, flowers,fruits,seedsofplantareutilizedasethnomedicine.Thebroadliteraturerevealedthatthephytoconstituentsandpharmacological activities are availablein theMangiferaindica. From the study,Powdered leaves of Mangifera indica were extracted withwater, ethanol and chloroform solvents via percolation method. The extracts were tested forantibacterial activity against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A andSalmonellaParatyphiBusingagarwelldiffusionmethod.Theextractswerefurthersubjectedtophytochemical testsforthe presence ofsecondary metabolitesusing standard procedures.Results of the sensitivity test showed that highest zone of inhibition was observed in ethanolicextract with 13mm for S. Paratyphi A, 11mm for S. Paratyphi B, and 10mm for S. Typhi,followedbyaqueousextractwith11mmforS.ParatyphiBand10mmforS.Typhi.S.ParatyphiA, was resistant to both aqueous and chloroform extract of M. indica while S. Paratyphi B wasonlyresistant to chloroform extract. Results of phytochemical screening indicated the presenceofalkaloids,flavonoids, steroids,tanninsandphenols.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
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