PLUMBING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A RESIDENTIAL BLOCK OF FLATS
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TITLE PAGE
PLUMBING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A RESIDENTIAL BLOCK OF FLATS
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF --
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "plumbing system design for a residential block of flats" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
Dr. --- Dr. ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
Dr. ---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This study of plumbing system plan is aimed at planning a plumbing system that is compatible with clean water, waste water and rain water management for a residential block of flats, and meet 5 aspects of safety, security, simplicity, beauty, and economy. It applies water supply system which commonly used for flats. Plumbing system planning methods are collecting and analyzing fluctuation in water use, planning clean water and recycled water systems by endorsing alternative piping for clean water and recycled water. In addition to water supply, recycled water system that utilizes waste water to be recycled for flushing closets. Average daily water consumption is 268 m3/day for clean water and 44 m3/day for recycled water with the capacity of ground water tank for clean water is 564.54 m3 and recycled water is 62 m3.
Clean water supply system will implement roof tank system and recycled water will reutilize wastewater for flushing on toilet tank.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
GLOSSARY
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- IMPORTANCE OF HOME PLUMBING SYSTEM
- PROBLEM OF PLUMBING
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
- REVIEW OF PLUMBLING MATERIALS
- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PIPES AND TUBES
- REVIEW OF PLUMBING EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
- DESIGN OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
- DRAIN-WASTE-VENT SYSTEM DESIGN
- KITCHEN PLUMBING SYSTEM
- BATHROOM PLUMBING SYSTEM
- PLUMBING PLAN OF A THREE BEDROOM FLAT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- FLOOR ANALYSIS
- CLEAN WATER AND RECYCLED WATER SYSTEMS
- CLEAN WATER PIPING SYSTEM
- CALCULATION OF THE SIZE OF CLEAN WATER AND RECYCLED WATER VERTICAL PIPES
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.[1] Heating and cooling (HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications. The word derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, as the first effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead pipes [13].
A home’s plumbing system is a complex network of water supply pipes, drainpipes, vent pipes, and more. Because plumbing is complicated and one of the costliest systems to repair or install in a home, it pays to understand how the system works.
Understanding the fundamentals of a plumbing system allows you to better understand the types of problems that occur or, if you’re planning a remodel or new home, it helps you design a system that will work properly and pass plumbing codes.
Regarding planning for major plumbing work: A properly designed system will deliver water to the various faucets, fixtures, and water-using appliances efficiently and carry away waste water without clogs. Second, it may save you money. By planning wisely, you can often reduce the overall plumbing expense significantly by locating bathrooms, kitchens, or laundry rooms near one another so that they can share parts of the system everal different systems make up a house’s plumbing. Fresh water is delivered to a home through water supply pipes from the utility or a well and is then distributed to sinks, toilets, washers, bathtubs, and related fixtures. The drain-waste-vent system carries away used water and wastes to sewers or septic tanks. Natural-gas plumbing delivers this fuel to gas-burning cooktops, furnaces, water heaters, and clothes dryers.
1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
This work is at planning a plumbing system that is compatible with clean water, waste water and rain water management for a residential block of flats, and meet 5 aspects of safety, security, simplicity, beauty, and economy.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
At the end of the work student involved shall be able to design a good plumbing system for a residential blocks of flats that are capable:
- To supply safe drinking-water in adequate quantities,
- To remove liquid wastes efficiently, and
- To minimize risk of failure through vigilance and quality assurance.
1.3 SCOPEOF THE PROJECT
Plumbing, system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and use of potable (drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes. It is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems that serve a group of buildings or a city. The water-carrying pipes and other materials used in a plumbing system must be strong, noncorrosive, and durable enough to equal or exceed the expected life of the building in which they are installed. Toilets, urinals, and lavatories usually are made of stable porcelain or vitreous china, although they sometimes are made of glazed cast iron, steel, or stainless steel. Ordinary water pipes usually are made of steel, copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material; and the most common materials for sewage pipes are cast iron, steel, copper, and asbestos cement.
1.4 IMPORTANCE OF HOME PLUMBING SYSTEM
Showers
There’s nothing better than a shower first thing in the morning, or even later in the day after a hard day at work. Showers are relaxing and make you feel so fresh and clean. They can give you a renewed outlook on life. No house will experience such unless with plumbing.
Toilets: flushing of toilet is possible today because of plumbing design in our residential block flats.
Dishwashers: Remember when we used to have to wash dishes after every meal? What a pain! Now, we can just throw the dishes in the dishwasher and spend more time with the family in the evening. This is possible all because of plumbing design.
1.5 PROBLEM OF PLUMBING
Bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". The latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility".Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread waterborne diseases like typhoid and cholera. However, "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently: Legionella pneumophila, discovered in 1976, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with. Some of the locations where these opportunistic pathogens can grow include faucets, shower heads, water heaters and along pipe walls. Reasons that favor their growth are "high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and warming cycles". A high surface-to-volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a biofilm, which protects them from disinfection.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
For distribution system pipes generally used are GI, copper, HDPE, CPVC, mostly now a days PVC plastic pipes are used as they don’t get rusted, light weight, easy installation and maintenance and economic.
1.7 APPLICATION OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbing fixture are used in the following areas:
- showers,
- bathtubs,
- lavatory basins,
- toilets but also such devices as washing machines,
- garbage-disposal units,
- hot-water heaters,
- dishwashers,
- and drinking fountains.
1.8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Plumbing system is used for water supply in building .It supplies water to kitchen, toilet outlets via distribution system of pipes. Drainage system is used to get rid of human wastes through well-arranged network of drainage pipes. This study exposes students to the right and standard way of fixing plumbing fixture in the building.
1.9 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of plumbing system at home is to have a neat or clean water supply to all part of residential flat.
1.10 RESEARCH QUESTION
What are the different types of plumbing systems?
What is plumbing in construction?
What is the purpose of plumbing?
What is sanitary plumbing system?
1.11 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene): Rigid black plastic pipe used only for drain lines.
ACCESS PANEL: An opening in the wall or ceiling near the fixture that allows access for servicing the plumbing/electrical system.
ADAPTOR: A fitting that unites different types of pipe together, e.g. ABS to cast iron pipe.
AIR BREAK: An air break is a physical separation which may be a low inlet into the indirect waste receptor from the fixture, or device that is indirectly connected. You will most likely find an air break on waste fixtures or on non-potable lines. You should never allow an air break on an ice machine.
AIR GAP SEPARATION: A physical separation space that is present between the discharge vessel and the receiving vessel, for an example, a kitchen faucet.
ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTANTS: Disinfectants - other than chlorination (halogens) - used to treat water, e.g. ozone, ultraviolet radiation, chlorine dioxide, and chloramine. There is limited experience and scientific knowledge about the by-products and risks associated with the use of alternatives.
AMMONIA: A chemical made with Nitrogen and Hydrogen and used with chlorine to disinfect water.
AQUIFER: An underground geologic formation capable of storing significant amounts of water.
BACKFLOW PREVENTION: To stop or prevent the occurrence of the unnatural act of reversing the normal direction of the flow of liquids, gases, or solid substances back into the public potable (drinking) water supply. See Cross-connection control.
BACKFLOW: To reverse the natural and normal directional flow of liquids, gases, or solid substances back in to the public potable (drinking) water supply. This is normally an undesirable effect.
BACKSIPHONAGE: A liquid substance that is carried over a higher point. It is the method by which the liquid substance may be forced by excess pressure over or into a higher point.
BENCHING: A method of protecting employees from cave-ins by excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near vertical surfaces between levels.
BREAK POINT CHLORINATION: The process of chlorinating the water with significant quantities of chlorine to oxidize all contaminants and organic wastes and leave all remaining chlorine as free chlorine.
BROMINE: Chemical disinfectant (HALOGEN) that kills bacteria and algae.
BUFFER: Chemical that resists pH change, e.g. sodium bicarbonate.
CALCIUM HARDNESS: A measure of the calcium salts dissolved in water.
CAUSTIC SODA: Also known as sodium hydroxide and is used to raise pH.
CAVE-IN: The separation of a mass of soil or rock material from the side of an excavation, or the loss of soil from under a trench shield or support system, and its sudden movement into the excavation, either by failing or sliding, in sufficient quantity so that it could entrap, bury, or otherwise injure and immobilize a person.
CHLORAMINATION: Treating drinking water by applying chlorine before or after ammonia. This creates a persistent disinfectant residual.
CHLORINATION: The process in water treatment of adding chlorine (gas or solid hypochlorite) for purposes of disinfection.
CHLORAMINES: A group of chlorine ammonia compounds formed when chlorine combines with organic wastes in the water. Chloramines are not effective as disinfectants and are responsible for eye and skin irritation as well as strong chlorine odors (also known as Combined Chlorine).
CHLORINE: A chemical which destroys small organisms in water. Chemical disinfectant that kills bacteria and algae.
CHLORINE DEMAND: Amount of chlorine required to react on various water impurities before a residual is obtained. Also, means the amount of chlorine required to produce a free chlorine residual of 0.1 mg/l after a contact time of fifteen minutes as measured by iodmetic method of a sample at a temperature of twenty degrees in conformance with Standard methods.
CHLORINE, FREE: Chlorine available to kill bacteria or algae. The amount of chlorine available for sanitization after the chlorine demand has been met. Also known as chlorine residual.
CLEANOUT: A plug in a trap or drain pipe that provides access for the purpose of clearing an obstruction.
CLOSET AUGER: A flexible rod with a curved end used to access the toilet's built-in trap and remove clogs.
CLOSET BEND: A curved fitting that connects the closet flange to the toilet drain.
FLANGE: An anchoring ring secured to the floor. The base of the toilet is secured to this ring with bolts.
COLIFORM: A group of bacteria commonly found in the environment. They are an indicator of potential contamination of water. Adequate and appropriate disinfection effectively destroys coliform bacteria.
COMBINED CHLORINE: The reaction product of chlorine with ammonia or other pollutants, also known as chloramines.
COMPETENT PERSON: One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions, which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
CONTAMINANT: Any natural or man-made physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water, which is at a level that may have an adverse effect on public health, and which is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems.
CONTAMINATION: To make something bad. To pollute or infect something. To reduce the quality of the potable (drinking) water and create an actual hazard to the water supply by poisoning or through spread of diseases.
CORROSION: The removal of metal from copper, other metal surfaces and concrete surfaces in a destructive manner. Corrosion is caused by improperly balanced water or excessive water velocity through piping or heat exchangers.
COUPLING: A fitting that joins two pieces of pipe.
CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride): Rigid plastic pipe used in water supply systems, where code permits.
CROSS-CONTAMINATION: The mixing of two unlike qualities of water. For example, the mixing of good water with a polluting substance like a chemical. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: A disease-causing parasite, resistant to chlorine disinfection. It may be found in fecal matter or contaminated drinking water.
DISINFECT: To kill and inhibit growth of harmful bacterial and viruses in drinking water.
DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS (DBPs): The products created due to the reaction of chlorine with organic materials (e.g. leaves, soil) present in raw water during the water treatment process. The EPA has determined that these DBPs can cause cancer.
DISINFECTION: The treatment of water to inactivate, destroy, and/or remove pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other parasites. DWV: Abbreviation for drain, waste and vent.
E. COLI, Escherichia coli: is a bacterium commonly found in the human intestine. For water quality analyses purposes, it is considered an indicator organism. These are considered evidence of water contamination. Indicator organisms may be accompanied by pathogens, but do not necessarily cause disease themselves.
ELBOW: A pipe fitting with two openings that changes the direction of the line. Also called an ell. It comes in a variety of angles, from 22 1/2° to 90°
ELEVATION HEAD: The energy possessed per unit weight of a fluid because of its elevation. 1 foot of water will produce .433 pounds of pressure head. ENERGY: The ability to do work. Energy can exist in one of several forms, such as heat, light, mechanical, electrical, or chemical. Energy can be transferred to different forms. It also can exist in one of two states, either potential or kinetic.
ENHANCED COAGULATION: The process of joining together particles in water to help remove organic matter.
ENTEROVIRUS: A virus whose presence may indicate contaminated water; a virus which may infect the gastrointestinal tract of humans.
FALL-FLOW: The proper slope or pitch of a pipe for adequate drainage. FECAL COLIFORM: A group of bacteria that may indicate the presence of human or animal fecal matter in water.
FILTRATION: A series of processes that physically remove particles from water.
FINISHED WATER: Treated drinking water that meets state and federal drinking water regulations.
FIXTURE: In plumbing, the devices that provide a supply of water and/or its disposal, e.g. sinks, tubs, toilets.
FLOCCULATION: The process of bringing together destabilized or coagulated particles to form larger masses which can be settled and/or filtered out of the water being treated.
FLOOD RIM: The point of an object where the water would run over the edge of something and begin to cause a flood. See Air Break.
FLUX: The paste that is used in soldering metal joints. Flux aids the process by preventing oxidation of the joint.
GIARDIA LAMBLIA: A pathogenic parasite which may be found in contaminated water.
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE: An atmosphere which by reason of being explosive, flammable, poisonous, corrosive, oxidizing, irritating, oxygen deficient, toxic, or otherwise harmful, may cause death, illness, or injury.
HEAD: The measure of the pressure of water, expressed in feet, of height of water. 1 psi = 2.41 feet of water. There are various types of heads of water depending upon what is being measured; for example, Static (water at rest) and Residual (water at flow conditions).
HEADWORKS: The facility at the "head" of the water source where water is first treated and routed into the distribution system.
HETEROTROPHIC PLATE COUNT BACTERIA: A broad group of bacteria including non-pathogens, pathogens, and opportunistic pathogens; they may be an indicator of poor general biological quality of drinking water. Often referred to as HPC.
I.D.: Abbreviation for inside diameter. All pipes are sized according to their inside diameter.
CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “plumbing system design for a residential block of flats” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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