PRODUCTION OF A CLEAN GRAIN FROM MULTI CROP THRESHER FOR SMALL SCALE FARMERS
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers". Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
The traditional methods of threshing of crops are inefficient, laborious, and time consuming and low out put. The existing fabricated machine was observed during preliminary testing to have low performance. In the light of the above mentioned problems, there is need to modify and testing multi-crop thresher to threshed grain at optimum speed. The threshing machine consist of the following component: Hopper, frame, beater, sieve, pulley, grain outlet and chaff outlet. The factors considered in this project work was feed rate at two levels of 2 level and were replicated twice (f1=2kg, f2=3kg) at a constant speed of 300rpm. The parameters under investigation were threshing efficiency, unthreshed efficiency, and breakage efficiency. The result revealed that themachine has a threshing efficiency, untrhreshed efficiency, and breakage efficiency of 90.1%, 9.5%, and 20.1% for feed rate 2kg and 90.9%, 9.1% and 14.11% for feed rate 3kg respectively. The time taken for 2kg and 3kg was 50.2sec and 43sec, the throughput capacity for 2kg was 143kg|hr and 3kg was 167kg|hr respectively. The feed rate of 3kg favors the machine performance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of contents vi-ix
List of figures x
List of plates xi
List of tables’ xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study 1
- Problem statement 2
- Aims and objectives 3
- Justification 3
- Scope of the project 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Threshing Process 5
2.2 Agronomy of selected crops 6
2.2.1 Maize crop 6
2.2.3 Guinea corn 6
2.3 Post Harvest loss on grain 7
2.4 Factors Affecting Threshing 7
2.5 Methods of Threshing 8
2.5.1 Local Methods of Threshing 8
2.5.1.1 Manual Method of grain 8
2.5.1.2 Threshing with animal or vehicle 9
2.5.1.3 Threshing with hand driven machine 9
2.5.2 Modern method of threshing 9
2.5.2.1 Em-bee power thresher 10
2.5.2.2 Midget thresher 10
2.5.2.3 FGN pedal operated thresher 11
2.5.2.4 NCAM Multi-crop thresher 11
2.6 Review on exiting work on threshing machine 11
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Modified Areas 14
3.2 Description of the multi-crop thresher 14
3.3 Design consideration 18
3.4 Design Analysis and calculation 18
3.4.1 Design hopper 18
3.4.2 Design for power requirement 19
3.4.3 Design for shaft 21
3.4.4 Pulley design 23
3.4.5 Belt design 24
3.4.6 Design for motor seat 24
3.4.7 Bearing selection 25
3.5 Materials selection 26
3.6 Fabrication procedure and assembly 26
3.6.1 Hopper 26
3.6.2 Frame 27
3.6.3 Threshing unit 27
3.6.4 Driven unit 27
3.6.5 Winnowing unit 27
3.6.6 Grain outlet 28
3.6.7 Shaft outlet 28
3.7 Principle of operation 28
3.8 Test Performance 28
3.8.1 Source of materials 28
3.8.2 Sample preparation 29
3.8.3 Experimental procedure 29
3.8.4 Output parameter 29
3.8.4.1 Threshing efficiency 29
3.8.4.2 Unthreshed efficiency 29
3.8.4.3 Throughput capacity 29
3.8.4.4 Determination of threshing throughput capacity 30
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result 31
4.2 Discussion 32
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 33
5.2 Recommendation 34
References 35
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
Cowpea is a grain legumes appears to have originated from west-African, very widely in Nigeria were there are many wild weedy species in both savanna and forest zone (Steel, 1992).Cowpeas are now widely distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics. They are grown in India, south eastern Asia, and Australia the Caribbean, southern united state and throughout the low land tropical Africa. Nigeria alone produces 61% (760000 tones) of the world total production (Irtwange 2009). Despite this figures, Nigeria continues to suffer from hunger and malnutrition. This is because the rate that of population growth is exceeded the rate of food production with a consequent decline in per capital food intake (Irtwange 2009). This call for the need to step up food production.
Grain, according to Okaka (2004) is fruit of cultivated grasses belonging to the family of monocotyledonous, gramineace. The principle cereal grain of the world includes wheat, beans, sorghum, rice and maize. Agriculture commodities are consumed as food and grains contributed to the bulk of the country’s calories and protein. The world grain is broadly used to indicate cereals and pulses. Grain however can be grown extensively for food and the fast growing agricultural based industries. They are used in either fresh form or dried form. Dried grains are preferred for industrial uses. The major processing methods used in preparing grain are dry milling wet milling and malting (Olatunji,2000).
Maize (zeamays) is cereal crops that are grown widely throughout the world in a range of agro ecological environments more maize is produced annually than any other grains. About 50 species exist and consist of different colors, texture and grain shapes and seize, white yellow and red are most common types. The white and yellow varieties are preferred by most people depending on the region maize was introduced into Africa the 1500s and since become one of African dominant food crop. The grains are rich in vitamin A, C, and E carbohydrates and essential minerals and contain 99% protein. They are also rich in dietary fiber and calories which are good source of energy (Adeokoma2001).
The major steps involves in the processing of maizeare harvesting, drying, de-husking, shelling, storage and milling. For rural framers to maximize profit from the maize, appropriate technology that suites thresher needmust be used. The processing of the agricultural product like maize into quality form not only prolong thesheff life of these product but also increase the net profit the farmer make from mechanization technology of such product.(okaka 2004). Guinea corn (sorghum) is a cereal grain that originated in Africa and is eaten throughout the world. It is especially valuable in arid terrain because of its resistance to drought, guinea corn is a nutrient rich grain that is often grand into flour to make bread, porridge and pancake including it diet offers a number of nutritional and the rapeutic benefit guinea corn contain 163calories protein, carbohydrate, fat content minerals, the one nutritional highlight of guinea corn is its mineral content. Adequate intake of iron support the transportation of oxygen in the body system and helps to promote cell growth and development of potassium helps to maintain fluid balance, and high intake in food blood pressure according to American heart association (Purseglove, 2007).
1.2 Problem Statement
Traditional threshing method do not support large- scale threshing of grains especially for commercial purposes. Locally in Nigeria the region that is the highest producer of grain like maize is the northern part of the country it was observed that the most threshing of grainwasdone by hand shelling. Hand threshing take a lot of time, even with some hand operated simple tools, it was also observed in the study area, most mechanical threshers were designed for multi grain threshing or shelling, which causes great damage to the grain seed besides breaking the maize cob to pieces the available Shellerwere locally equipped with rotating threshing drum with beater or teeth which cause damages to the seed. Besides, the costs of purchasing such thresher were high for poor rural farmer and therefore necessitated the design of low cost system that will be affordable and also increases threshing efficiency but reduce damage done to the seed (Ogunwede,2003).
1.3 Aims and objectives of the Study
The main aim of this project is to produce clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers. The specific objectives are to:
- Design the sieve, blower and electric motor seat.
- To evaluate the machine in term of threshing efficiency, unthreshed efficiency, breakage efficiency and through put capacity of the machine.
1.4 Justification of the Study
The modification and performance evaluation of this project will reduce the quantity of crops blowing out of the outlet, will enhance good quality product, will reduce or eliminate drudgery compare to traditional methods of threshing and also large quantity of grain will be threshed within a very short time.
1.5The Scope of the Project
Cereals are widely cultivated in Nigeria;this study is limited to the threshing ofmaize. . Maize otherwise known as corn is important to the economy due to its wide range of users. Maize is primarily used as feed for livestock, suggesting the dependence of livestock industry or corn product.Its also used to create a variety of food and non food product such as corn meals, sweetener, corn oil, starch and ethanol which is used as cleaner burning alternative to gasoline. Factors consider was feed rate at two levels and speed at one level and were replicated twice. The parameters under investigation were threshing efficiency, unthreshed efficiency and breakage efficiency.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
The following conclusion was drawn from the performance carried out on the multi-crop thresher.
- The speed of the blower was obtained which reduces the blown out of grains from the outlet
- The feed rate of 3kg favors the constant speed of 300rpm
- The higher the feed rates at the threshing drum the higher the throughput capacity.
5.2 Recommendation
Based on the result and conclusion, the following are hereby recommend for further research
- The inclination of the blower plate (dirt outlet) needs adjustment to increase the quantity of clean grains in the grain outlet.
- The plate that connects to grain outlet need to be adjusts to accommodate more grains from the threshing drum.
- The plate on the chaff outlet needs to be increase in order to reduce the wastage of grain.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "production of a clean grain from multi crop thresher for small scale farmers" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
