PRODUCTION OF BLACK AND BROWN POLISH
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TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work "production of black and brown polish" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project is aimed at producing black and brown polish of good quality. For clearity, polish is a substance rubbed on the surface of materials to make them smooth and shiny. Polish has being of immense importance in protecting leather surfaces and enhancing their beauty.
To produce a standard polish, hard waxes such as carnduba wax, candelhla wax and palm wax; semi-hard waxes which include, paraffin wax and ozokerite; solvents like tupentine and naphtha; dyes and dryers are essential. In this research project, paraffin wax, turpentine; paraffin oil,. Cobalt and lead dryers, vanish, black and brown pigments were used to obtain the desired result.
The apparatus was set up as can be seen in fig1. Using the measured quantities of the ingredients, the production started with heating to about 90oc to melt the wax and cooling to about 600c. This was preceded by the addition of the solvent, the colorant, dryer and vanish. As this was being done, there was continuous agitation. After obtaining a homogenous mixture, the product was filled into 50ml cans and allowed to cool. The best formulation was obtained from 45.2%, 24%, 21%, 2%, 2%, 2% of turpentine, paraffin wax, paraffin oil, drier, vanish and colorant respectively. The major problem encountered were that of coverage and gloss or surface shine produced by the trial formulations. They were blamed on the particle size of the pigments and the absence of some other ingredients like hard waxes to blend the paraffin wax; and naphtha which could not be found dispite all effort made. Happily, these were reasonably improved by using finer pigments particles and vanish respectively.
From tests and evaluations, the research project was a success with a good produce formulation; importantly, a production. And packaging cost (for the formulation) on fourty one naira, thirty three kobo (N41.30) per 50ml polish content was carried out with the sum of six thousand eight hundred and forty naira (N6,840.00)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page
Title Page
Approval Page
Letter Of Transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table Of Content
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Aims And Objectives Of The Project
The Significance Of The Study
Scope Of The Project
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
History
Some Classes Of Surface Enhancing Products
Leather Polish
Cae Waxes
Formulation Of Shoe Polish
Waxes
Important Waxes In The Manufacture Of Shoe Polish
Solvents For Polish Production
CHAPTER THREE
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Collection And Preparation Of Raw Materials
CHAPTER FOUR
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECDOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Recommendation
References
Appendix I
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The emergence of polish technology in engineering is apparent offshoot of complexities resulting from the induction of substances that produce desired gloss and provides a protective coating for the surface of the materials, changing it to a dry adherent film. Therefore, polish is a substances usually wax based, which when applied to a sequence was based, which applied to sequence protects, makes it smooth and shiny.
It has been discovered that shoe polish industries in Nigeria are at minimum even though the polish industry is economically very important due to its widespread usage. Shoe polish industry as a surface coaling provider in a very important venture. The manufacture of surface coaling materials of which shoes polish is a part, has been estimated with swales of more than 10,000 million yearly. This in essence means that its usage is wide spread and in teams of employment, gives a lot of opportunities. The economic consequences as highlighted above have4 in turn spu7rred many into a continuous struggle for a good quality product.
Therefore, in a bid to reduce the degree of unemployment by establishing small scale industries, this research project is embark upon.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The aim and objective of this project among other things include;
- To produce shoe polish which will suit the weather of this country.
- Produce polish of high quality at minimum cost5
- To conserve foreign exchange and help solve the problem of balance of payment resulting from, the importation of polishes to offset the unnecessary.
- To help complement the efforts of existing factories toward meeting the rising demand of product.
- To create employment opportunities by establishing polish industry.
- To reduce the depending on government for mployment by having individual investment and becoming self reliant
1.3 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Considering the fact that there are few or practically no functional polish industry in the country, and the imported polish most atimes do not meet up with the local weather conditions, this research project will help to find solution to these problems. And at the same time offer local alternatives to these imported products. It will equally be an avenue for finding means of increasing our domestic national product.
Importantly, exploiting the benefit offered by this research work will help in improving the qualities of polishes produced. This will help in making the polish industry a viable venture, whose product could be exported thereby serving as a foreign exchange earner for the country.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The research project covers feasibility study, scouting and acquisition of the necessary raw materials required for the production, formulations research and the production of the polish samples. Other areas are, analytical test of product qualities as compared with some commercial brands, evaluation of the project, discussion, conclusion and recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECDOMMENDATION
To nourish and protect the surfaces of leather shoes and other leather products and have their useful extended, the use of polish is desired. And for polish to be acceptable as being of good quality, it should therefore be of good gloss, water resistance, good rate of drying or curing, good denting or coverage, not be attracting dust and be adaptable to variation in temperature. Therefore, based on the results and accompanying tests carried out, it was found out that a good polish could only be produced from the proper combination of waxes, solvents, binders and colour pigments. This is what this project has been able to achieve, even at a considerable cost of thirty six naira for a 50ml container polish content.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONThe polish industry can be of immense help in the government palm for poverty alleviation as it will give employment to the army of unemployed youths. But it is disheartening that there are few or no polish industry bin the country. Equally, the importation of polish is a huge load on the economy. Against this back ground, the neglect of the industry should be reviewed. Government should encourage private investors to establish some polish industries the country.
Equally, the absence of standard on polish production in Nigeria is a cause for worry. This really affected the project. Therefore it is recommended that the standard organization of Nigeria publish standard on polish production in Nigeria.
Many of the raw materials for the production of polish such as Naphtha, carnauba wax etc were not within reach. It is therefore recommended that research into finding locally available alternatives be embacked upon.
To make polish production a more profitable venture, large scale production should be encouraged.
Finally, in any product, safety of the users must be considered. There fore, the use of some casinogenic additives in polish production should be reviewed; owing to their health dangers.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "production of black and brown polish" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "production of black and brown polish" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "production of black and brown polish" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "production of black and brown polish" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "production of black and brown polish" detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "production of black and brown polish" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "production of black and brown polish" detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "production of black and brown polish" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "production of black and brown polish" detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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