PROTECTING POWER GRID FROM CYBER ATTACK
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The grid can be seriously disrupted for prolonged periods by a number of man-caused events, like physical assaults, power surges, cyber warfare against the grid, or high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (EMP) caused by the detonation of a nuclear weapon outside the atmosphere above the United States. Such events could disable or destroy outright key parts of the power grid, prompting the cascading collapse of every one of the other critical infrastructures that assure the availability of water, food, medicine, finance, transportation, telecommunications, etc., possibly for years.
The effects would be catastrophic. For example, the chairman of a blue-ribbon congressional task force has estimated that, if the power is off over wide areas of the country for more than a year, nine out of ten Americans would be dead.
The level of risk from cyber attack against control systems used in the electrical grid is uncertain. At various times, the likelihood of attack, the availability of opportunity in the form of cyber vulnerabilities, the impact to the power system, and the consequences have all been debated at length. This research addresses the issue of grid impacts from cyber attack. (The remaining issues are not considered; as such, intent and opportunity are assumed.) One significant part of the analysis is the development of a Cyber-to-Physical (C2P) bridge, which links cyber attack vectors to resulting events in the Electric Power Grid (EPG); for example, a successful cyber penetration of a protective relay in a substation may result in an unplanned breaker trip. The analysis approach calculates an estimate of the grid performance degradation of cyber attacks, as they affect system reliability. The work models cyber attack in terms of unexpected outages to grid equipment; this way, for a given probability of cyber attack, the additional degradation to system reliability that results may be quantitatively determined. After simulation, the difference in reliability (with or without cyber attack) is the average grid impact for a given attack probability. This report includes tests for the algorithm to show its efficacy and versatility for analysis of various cyber impacts. With refinement, the proposed approach could be used as an important tool for control system risk analysis [1][3].
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this work is to protect hardware assets, make systems less susceptible to cyber attack and provide reliable delivery of power if such an attack were to occur.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This work involved different aspects of the projection which include protection of core power grid controls and operations by building security and privacy protection into components and services that include micro-grid assets, smart metering and electric vehicles; protecting the communications infrastructure and providing security management capabilities to address operations beyond human capacity; and providing security testing and validation to evaluate the effectiveness of protective measures on the power system[2].
1.3 EFFCET OF CYBER ATTACK ON POWER GRID
Cyber attack on the national power grid can cause an electrical blackout that plunges states and principal cities, including the whole country, into darkness. The attack will cause health and safety systems fail, disrupting water supplies as electric pumps fail. The chaos will reign causing the failure of main services, including transportation. The malware is able to infect the Internet and search and compromise generators that it will destroy, causing prolonged outages in the region.
Economic impacts include direct damage to assets and infrastructure, decline in sales revenue to electricity supply companies, loss of sales revenue to business and disruption to the supply chain[4].
REFERENCES
[1]. Bakke, Gretchen , The Grid: The Fraying Wires Between Americans and Our Energy Future, Bloomsbury USA, 2016. A cultural anthropologist explores how the electric grid has shaped American society and examines the rise of renewable energy and the dramatic changes it is causing.
[2]. Burke, Garance, and Jonathan Fahey , “AP Investigation: US power grid vulnerable to foreign hacks,” The Associated Press, Dec. 21, 2015, http://tinyurl.com/gph2rpb. An Associated Press investigation finds that sophisticated foreign hackers have gained access to the U.S. power grid more than a dozen times over the past decade.
[3]. Chen, Thomas , Cyberterrorism After Stuxnet, U.S. Army War College, 2014. A professor of engineering and internet security examines the cyberterrorism threat before and after Stuxnet, the cyberattack on Iran's nuclear program.
[4]. Koppel, Ted , Lights Out: A Cyberattack, A Nation Unprepared, Surviving the Aftermath, Crown, 2015. The former host of the ABC news show “Nightline” investigates the threat of a major cyberattack on the nation's power grid.
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