REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION USING CAPACITOR BANKS (CASE OF THE PORT HARCOURT ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY)
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TITLE PAGE
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION USING CAPACITOR BANKS (CASE OF THE PORT HARCOURT ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY)
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Transmission systems are becoming increasingly stressed because of growing demand and because of restrictions on building new lines. However, most high voltage transmission systems are operating below their thermal rating due to such constraints as stability limits – reactive power. Reactive power has a negative impact in the distribution network which causes reduction of systems reliability and creates safety problems and a much increased energy cost. The major causes of reactive power are the presence of inductive loads in the power system. These inductive loads include induction motors, transformers, and reactors and they have negative effect on the actual power used up by the loads. In this paper, Power factor correction (PFC) has been done by the addition of the needed capacitance to counteract the inductive load which is present in the electrical network of Port Harcourt distribution system. The load values, MVAr values and the existing power factor of Port-Harcourt electricity network where used to derive the needed shunt capacitance to a most appropriate value of 0.95. This enabled current savings of 23.15 percent in all the 11kV buses as well as reducing the required MVA needed to feed the loads to 101.48MVA as against 132.07MVA when the power factor was 0.73. These reductions were achieved by adding a capacitance of 34.48MVAr and the current reductions reduce losses along the lines since the square of current is proportional to losses. Also the added system capacity will mean that more loads can be fed by the system when the added capacitance brings the system to a power factor of 0.95.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 PROJECT ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REACTIVE POWER IN POWER SYSTEM
- EFFECTS OF REACTIVE POWER IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
- CAPACITOR BANK AND ITS APPLICATION
- REVIEW OF POWER LOSS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- DESCRIPTION OF PORT HARCOURT 33/11KV DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
- SYSTEM PARAMETERS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTSCHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Reactive power management has become a most challenging task in power system operation and management. Some of the characteristics of the power systems and their loads can deteriorate the quality of the supply. The deterioration can be corrected by compensation that is by the supply or absorption of an appropriately variable quantity of the reactive power. However, most high voltage transmission systems are operating below their thermal rating due to such constraints as stability limits, on an alternating current power system voltage is controlled by managing the production and absorption of reactive power [John et al, 2014].
The useful/real amount of power being used in a circuit is often not equal to the apparent power due to the presence of loads that are reactive in nature and such loads (inductors and capacitors) consume power that is referred to as reactive power. With the present call for technological revolution and industrialization in Nigeria, it has become more obvious that power holds a very pivotal role to actualizing economic growth. It is noteworthy that developing countries like Nigeria battle with the issue of acquiring more power stations (generation, transmission and distribution) to the present national grid in order to meet the growing needs of power sector. More so, in an attempt to grow the power capacity, other issues that have to do with managing available power that the National grid possesses arise. Businesses must be run with the mindset of making profit and having to pay exorbitant energy bills clearly work against profitability. This similar issue in other parts of the world lead companies, institutions and industries to find out ways to minimize sources of power loss in order to get better value for money as little energy savings can produce an even greater financial savings. The sources and causes of these losses vary and one of them is as a result of reactive power input which occurs from loads that are not linear in nature. Industrialized loads as well as other heavy machinery usually have reactive consequences and as the inductive loads increase, it affects the power factor of the entire system which in turn hampers power systems efficiency. Most electrical loads do not consume only active power but also reactive power and the higher the reactive power distributed by the distribution network to cover the load requirements, the lower will be the Power Factor (PF) [2]. Also, most modern electronic equipment do not represent a completely passive load to the supply even though in the past loads were characterized by their resistive nature (light bulbs) or by input currents that are sinusoidal but phase-shifted (AC motors). When this power factor is low, it has negative impacts on the electric distribution network and it is represented in voltage and power losses, as well as high penalties on large consumers [John et al, 2014]. Power factor correction is very relevant and useful in reducing losses prevalent in electrical networks, ensures more system capacity utilization and improve voltage regulation as these are all factors that enable energy utility companies provide services that are cheaper and more compatible with the quality desired in today’s energy industry[Kersting, 2003].
Presently in Nigeria, there are many recently built power generating, transmission and distribution stations, yet the country still experience high shortage of power to service various load centers. However, power losses account for a reasonable part of this problem. This work is aimed at compensating reactive power in distribution network using capacitor bank. A section of Port Harcourt electricity network (PHEN) system is used as a case study for the investigation.
1.2 PROBLEM STAEMENT
In the last two decades demand of power is increasing rapidly but we have limited resources of power generation resulting transmission line getting heavily loaded and facing stability, voltage sag, reactive power issues. With growing demand and constrained and weak power systems in Nigeria, we need to find the means to improve the power transmission capability within acceptable power quality limits. Reactive power compensation (RPC) offers the most economic means to do so. Most appropriate method for compensating reactive power flow is by power capacitor, which is economical and efficient as well compare to other method of compensation.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The paper presents a modern technique for capturing and processing the real-time signals in the power system. The main aim is to compensate a reactive power in a distribution system using capacitor bank . The objectives are:
- To study shunt and series capacitor banks as option for optimizing transmission and distribution systems.
- To Increase power flow capacity
- To provide stable, secure, controlled, high quality electric power in our high voltage line.
- To study effective use of capacitor bank for reactive power compensation
- To reduce the reactive power flow so as result reducing the electrical energy charges.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help the student involved to understand the effect of reactive power compensation in high voltage line. It will also help the student involved to understand how capacitor bank is used in reactive power management.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.6 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "reactive power compensation using capacitor banks (case of the port harcourt electricity distribution company)" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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