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TITLE PAGE
REDUCTION OF LINE LOSSES ON LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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Electricity losses occur at each stage of the power distribution process, beginning with the step-up transformers that connect power plants to the transmission system, and ending with the customer wiring beyond the retail meter. The system consists of several key components: step-up transformers, transmission lines, substations, primary voltage distribution lines, line or step-down transformers, and secondary lines that connect to individual homes and businesses. These electricity losses are often referred to generically as “line losses,” even though the losses associated with the conductor lines themselves represent only one type of electricity loss that occurs during the process of transmitting and distributing electricity. System average line losses are in the range of six to ten percent on most utility grids, but they increase exponentially as power lines become heavily loaded. Avoiding a small amount of electricity demand in the highest peak hours can reduce line losses by as much as 20 percent. At such levels of losses, disproportionately more generation resources need to be operated to deliver the same amount of electricity to end-users.
Each component of the distribution system can be optimized to reduce line losses. The aim of this work is to discuss Strategies for reducing losses in a low voltage distribution networks.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- MEASURES FOR POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT IN HOUSEHOLDS
- REVIEW OF LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTED NETWORK
2.3.1 TECHNICAL LOSSES
2.3.2 MAIN REASONS FOR TECHNICAL LOSSES
2.3.4 NON-TECHNICAL / COMMERCIAL LOSSES
2.3.5 MAIN REASONS FOR NON-TECHNICAL LOSSES
2.3.6 REDUCING TECHNICAL LOSSES
- COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LOSSES
CHAPTER THREE
- MATERIALS AND METHOD
- DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL
CHAPTER FOUR
- RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An electrical network is comprised of various components which, when energized are subject to energy losses. Therefore, as electrical energy is generated and then transported across the network, some of this energy is lost before it is delivered to its intended customers. The network has been designed to some extent to accommodate these losses; however as it has evolved over time, network extensions, new generation and increasing load demand means that new measures are required to manage these system losses.
It is fact that the unit of electric energy generated by power station does not match with the units distributed to the consumers. Some percentage of the units is lost in the distribution network. This difference in the generated and distributed units is known as loss.
Low voltage distribution loss are amounts that are not paid for by users which is calculated as:
Distributed Losses= (Energy Input to feeder (Kwh)-Billed Energy to Consumer (Kwh)) / Energy Input kwh x100.
Electricity losses occur at each stage of the power distribution process, beginning with the step- up transformers2 that connect power plants to the transmission system, and ending with the customer wiring beyond the retail meter. The system consists of several key components: step-up transformers, transmission lines, substations, primary voltage distribution lines, line or step-down transformers, and secondary lines that connect to individual homes and businesses.
These electricity losses are often referred to generically as “line losses,” even though the losses associated with the conductor lines themselves represent only one type of electricity loss that occurs during the process of transmitting and distributing electricity. Avoiding a small amount of electricity demand in the highest peak hours can reduce line losses by as much as 20 percent. At such levels of losses, disproportionately more generation resources need to be operated to deliver the same amount of electricity to end-users.
This work discusses losses that occur on low voltage distributed network, and how these losses can be reduced.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Losses on low voltage distribution network causes low efficiency and unreliability in consumer unit. This study discusses means of reducing these losses in order to improve efficiency and reliability of power supply in consumer unit.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
This paper will use a case study to assess the distribution of active power losses across low voltage transformers and cables with respect to the overall system loss associated with an area of modelled distribution network. This paper will also discuss distribution network model, and its subsequent use in the study of LV system losses and the application of more operationally (and potentially economically) “smarter” methods of minimizing line losses deferring or eliminating the need for network reinforcement.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Reducing line losses in the electrical distribution system is a readily available option, purpose is to enhance electrical efficiency and reduce generation-related emissions.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study provides need to better manage technical losses to minimize the value of the electricity lost, the cost of providing electricity.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study provides means of reducing losses on low voltage distribution network. This paper develops a mathematical model to assess the power factor in the households and investigates its impacts on the power losses in the low voltage distribution networks. Analysis of the power consumptions, the reactive power and the power factor of some household equipment were carried out using programmable computer aided measuring equipment. The result of the research paper showed that improvement of power factor in the households significantly contributed in decreasing the power losses in the low voltage distribution networks.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
This work involves some terminology that may be useful to the reader, but are quite well understood by the utilities that they regulate. Several terms reflecting common units of electrical measurement – and their abbreviations – are defined below.
- Amperes (A): A measure of the current flow through lines and transformers. It is analogous to the flow of water through a pipe.
- Kilovolts (kV): Thousand volts, the unit of measure for generation, transmission, and distribution lines.
- Kilowatt-hour (kWh): A measure of energy or power consumed in one hour.
- Volts (V): Voltage is what drives current through lines and transformers to end-use appliances in homes and businesses.
- Watts (W): A measure of the quantity of power or work (horsepower) that electricity can do at any moment. Watts is the product of amperes multiplied by volts. For example, 220 volts at 20 amps equals 4400 watts, about the amount that a typical residential electric water heater uses. A one- horsepower (1 hp) swimming pool pump motor uses 746 watts.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of reduction of line losses on low voltage distribution network consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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