Years from now, with the estimated growth in world population and economic activities, fossil fuels which currently generate more than half of the world’s energy needs would not be able to keep up with this pace because it is a non-renewable source of energy, in other words exhaustible. Nigeria today is witnessing perhaps the worst power generation and distribution crisis in many years. To redress this situation, experts in the field of green energy have since lent their views in support of pursuing renewable energy in delivering power and as well as powering even the remotest parts which are without grid infrastructure. Indeed, the need for alternative energy sources is even more compelling as Nigeria is currently predominantly dependent on electricity generating plants, which rely on gas-fired thermal energy. It’s no news that the continuous use of these resources over the years has made a negative impact on our environment. This has prompted scientists and experts in this field to look elsewhere for energy solutions. The result of this probe is RENEWABLE ENERGY.
Renewable energy in a nutshell is natural energy which cannot be exhausted. That is, it can be used repeatedly without end. This work explains renewable energy as Nigeria future reliable source of energy.

CHAPTER ONE
1.1                                                        INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, motor fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy services. Renewable energy is one of the means of tackling the global challenges of climate change.
It is now being seen by many people around the world as a cost-effective development solution for developed countries and a developing country such as Nigeria. A report released by international development organisation Oxfam argues that renewable energy is in fact a more affordable energy source than coal for poor people in developing countries around the world. The report argues that as a result of the changing energy landscape around the world, the decreasing price of renewable energies, and the often remote location of the majority of people who don’t have access to electricity, renewable energy may actually offer a more reliable and effective energy source. According to the report of Dr Simon Bradshaw, “Four out of five people without electricity live in rural areas that are often not connected to a centralised energy grid, so local, renewable energy solutions offer a much more affordable, practical and healthy solution. In Nigeria, there is rapid population growth, increase in industrial activities and more energy is consumed, resulting in environmental pollution and economic difficulties. There is need for renewable energy resources utilization globally. For example, the country has adequate fuel supplies (world’s sixth largest exporter of crude oil) yet more than 70 percent of its inhabitants do not have access to electricity for their domestic needs. Renewable energy penetration in Nigeria is still in its nascent stage. It is below that of other widely known energy sources due to technological and economic drawbacks, in addition to deep rooted policy inertia. The only source of renewable energy in the country is hydro-power and biomass; wind and solar energy have only been deployed in minuscule amount. Hydroelectric power plants with installed capacity and those coming on stream cumulatively accounting for roughly 13,000MW. Nigeria faces serious energy crisis due to declining electricity generation from domestic power plants which are basically dilapidated, obsolete, and unreliable and in an appalling state of disrepair, reflecting the poor maintenance culture in the country and gross inefficiency of the public utility provider. Solar energy in Nigeria is majorly used in urban areas for street lighting, while in some rural areas it is used for irrigation project and water pumping. The country has a target in 2007 to produce 7% of its 2025 energy needs from renewable with solar and hydro as the major priority. According to a report by Charles Opara-Ndudu in Thisday Newspaper of 15th March 2015, Nigeria has the potential to exploit its abundant solar energy resources considering its geographic location around the equatorial sun-belt. The country receives abundant sunshine all year round ranging from 6.70kwh/m2/day in Borno State to roughly 4.06kwh/m2/d to 5.86kwh/m2/d in locations such as Calabar in Cross Rivers State. The Federal Capital Territory has a daily horizontal solar radiation ranging from a high of 6.07/kwh/m2/d to a low of 4.42/kwh/m2/d during the month of August. This level of solar radiation across the country can support huge deployment of solar power infrastructures designed to primarily feed in to the regional power distribution entities. The size of the area currently occupied by the insurgents in Borno State can supply sufficient power required by the entire country if well harnessed. Despite the glaring economic constraints of solar power generation, its limited competitiveness, a low capacity factor, in addition to high cost of PV cells, renewable power sources mainly solar power development can support peak time energy consumption and can add considerable capacity directly to the national grid or embedded network of distribution enclaves. In fact, Christine Lins, Executive Secretary of the Renewable Energy Network for the 21st Century, noted that “last year, for the first time in 40 years, economic and emissions growth have decoupled”. The Renewable Energy Network was recently responsible for producing a global study of renewable energy growth over the last 10 years. What they find now, is quite surprising, even to its authors. “If you look back 10 years ago, Renewable energies were providing 3 per cent of global energy, and now, they provide something close to 22 per cent, so that has really sky-rocketed” noted Christine. This is being led most obviously by countries like Uruguay, which aims to generate 90% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2015, and Costa Rica, which maintained 100% renewable energy generation for the first 100 days of this year. These countries are not alone and are fast becoming the normal rather than the ‘alternative’. Even small developing countries such as Burundi, Jordan and Kenya are leading the world in investments in renewable energies as a percentage of GDP.

1.2                                              OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The renewable energy is green and developing in Nigeria. We are pleased that Nigeria is endowed with vast and varied natural resources including massive supplies of water, solar, wind and biomass-as raw materials to produce green-energy. The Federal Government of Nigeria is committed to developing the Plans and Programmes to convert these natural resources into our reliable energy source in order to ensure that the following objectives are met.

• To address the nation’s challenges of moving towards clean, reliable, secure and competitive energy supply.
• To develop and Implement strategies that will achieve a clean reliable energy supply and establish mechanism to develop the sector based on International best, practices to showcase viability for private sector participation.
• Ensure alternative sources of-energy that are Clean, reliable stable and sustainable.
• Develop Policy objectives of sovereignty, national security and self-sufficiency.

1.3                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
These are the advantages of Nigeria adopting a renewable system of producing energy;
1. Renewable energy helps to curb the problem of global pollution. It reduces global warming which are caused by the use of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum,etc.
2. Renewable energy helps to improve citizen's and their environs' well being. This is because renewable energy is clean and does not pollute the environment unlike non-renewable sources which has the risk of polluting our waters, thereby, making it unsafe to drink.
3. Nigeria is a hub great opportunities for the use of renewable sources of energy. Nigeria is located in the tropics with more sunshine. This means that Nigeria can start investing in Solar energy as there is an abundance of sunshine. just like sunshine, Nigeria is also blessed with abundance of rainfall at its tropics which increase the chance of running the hydro-power system of energy generation.
4. A system of renewable energy generation creates millions of jobs for the masses which will improve their standard of living and also generate wealth for the country indirectly. The indirect wealth is the tax, levies, rents, etc which the citizens pay to the government. They are able to pay this allocations because they have been employed and are earning.
5. Renewable energy will earn Nigeria more income from the carbon credit because reneweable energy reduces carbon emissions.
6. Lastly, renewable energy will help Nigeria improve financially. This achievement will make Nigeria to be respected among the nations of Africa and the world as a whole. It will also increase our chances of being a big and robust economical hub.

1.4                                    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Compared to fossil fuel, Renewable energy resources have lesser power output. In some cases when this resources are needed they might not be available, for example wind, sun etc.
The renewable energy resources on earth are boundless, but it would not benefit anyone if it cannot be used to power electronics and other appliances. This is where solar panels relevance comes into play. These panels help to trap the sun’s energy in the case of solar energy, which can then be used for any purpose. These panels coupled with the initial setup of solar energy plant are capital intensive as is the case with all renewable energy plants. Most interested parties in this sector pull out after realizing this.

1.5                                           TYPES OF RENWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural process. Different type renewable energy are listed and described as below:
Biomass energy is the use of wood and vegetation to produce energy. As long as trees are planted for every tree cut down, it is a good source of energy. Wind energy involves the use of wind turbines to produce energy. This occurs when the wind enables the blades of the turbine which is attached to a generator to shift thereby causing generation of energy. One wind turbine can power up to 300 homes.
Hydropower is a source of renewable energy that does not release Greenhouse gases and cause global warming. It requires the storing up of water in a dam to generate electricity, which requires rivers close by to enable water flow all year round.
Geothermal energy is when pipes are dug deep into the earth in order to get steam from the rock deeps (magma), then the steam is used to turn the turbines and a generator converts the energy from the turbines to produce electricity. This form of energy is renewable because the water is replaced by rainfall and heat is continuously generated in the earth.
Solar energy is probably the most popular of all the sources of renewable energy because it is generated from the sun. Solar which is the Latin word for sun is a powerful source of energy and has been in use for a long time. Because of change in weather, the sun does not shine every time and that is why solar panels and cells are needed for solar energy to fully function.

1.6             DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE
Solar, wind, biomass (vegetation), geothermal and hydropower are a few of the sources of renewable energy while fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and propane are forms of non-renewable energy. The similarity between the two forms of energy is that they both produce energy and electricity. The difference is that one is finite and the other infinite. Non-renewable energy is finite as they can run out one day, but renewable energy is infinite because it cannot be replaced and is commonly referred to as sustainable energy or green energy.

 

 

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