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TITLE PAGE

ROAD ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION WITHIN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS (case study OF Rumuola, Elekahia) ROAD ASSESSMENT

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "road assessment and evaluation within port harcourt metropolis (case study of rumuola, elekahia)" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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This study is aimed at assessing the road network system of Rumuola, Elekahia of Port-harcourt using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Topographical map of scale 1:100000 and Google Earth, 2020 version were the sources for the acquisition of the data. A reconnaissance survey of the area was also done to assess the present situation and state of the road network. Both the topographical map and the imagery were geo-rectified in ArcGIS 9.2 and geographic data on roads and road junction were captured. Road junctions were digitized as points which are otherwise referred to as nodes while the roads as lines which are also called Arcs. Simple descriptive analysis was used to describe the road condition, pavements and types of the road network in the study. The connectivity level in the road network was determined with the use of Beta Index (BI). The road density was determined with respect to the road length per unit area. The road density was high (8.07 km-1) while the connectivity level of road network was also high (0.77). In terms of road condition, the analysis revealed that road length of 26.66 km (97.19 %) was tarred and in good condition out of 27.43 km of total road length in the study. In terms of road types, the analysis showed that the total length of dualized road type was 6.14 km (22.38 %) while 21.29 km (77.62 %) were not dualized 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0      LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2.2     THE IMPACT OF ROAD TRANSPORT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
2.3    TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT USERS
2.4      OVERVIEW OF PAVEMENT
2.5    REQUIREMENTS OF A PAVEMENT

2.6    PAVEMENT TYPE SELECTION GUIDELINES

2.7   THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION
2.8    TRANSPORTATION AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
2.9    ECONOMIC RETURNS OF TRANSPORT INVESTMENTS
2.10   ROAD PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ROAD SAFETY

2.11   SOME FINDINGS FROM THE INTERNATIONAL ROAD ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (IRAP)

CHAPTER THREE
3.0      METHODOLOGY
3.1     THE STUDY AREA
3.2     COLLECTION OF DATA
3.3     SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
3.4     DETERMINATION OF ROAD DENSITY

3.5     INDEX           ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1     CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
5.2     REFERENCES 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                            INTRODUCTION

1.1                   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The road network has an effect on crash risk because it determines how road users perceive their environment. Many development projects seriously depend on transport network because transportation  is the factor determining the speed of growth and development of a place which can occur  through roads, rails, airways, waterways pipelines, etc. (Vinod et al., 2013). Whatever the purpose of journey, mode of transport, available route to take, type of vehicle are some of the factors to be considered. Accurate information on the transport infrastructure is the fundamental requirement for many decision making processes; therefore information is required to be reliable, updated, relevant, easily accessible and affordable (Fiatornu, 2016). Transportation is a requirement for every nation, regardless of its industrial capacity, population size or technological development. Moving of goods and people from one place to another  is critical to maintaining strong economic and political ties between regions in the same state; roads came into being to facilitate the movement of wheeled vehicles which in turn, fostered the development of regions. However, the National Transport Policy for Nigeria (2013) states that the road is the primary right of way to accommodate and ensure the  safety of all modes - bus transit, automobile, walking and cycling hence, priority must be given to the maintenance and improvement of roadways, sidewalks and arterial roads. The survey also shows that the state of Nigerian roads remains poor for a number of reasons such as faulty designs, lack of drainage and very thin coatings that were easily washed away, excessive use of the road network given the under-developed nature of waterways and railways among others. The most important role of both government and individual citizen is to find a solution for managing existing roads even before new ones are constructed but managing modern roadways is a complex business especially at this time when economic growth has come close to a halt in Nigeria.
Thus, the creation, updating, maintenance and general management of road information and network in terms of spatial and non-spatial data are needed but the voluminous nature of data involved for proper record keeping is indeed cumbersome, and cannot effectively be handled by a traditional system of record keeping. The analogue system means remain inflexible resulting in data storage in fixed forms and formats; however, the system becomes less useful for many purposes and is rarely updated because of the costs implication. The maps are easily displaced or destroyed because many different people     at different locations use them.

An alternative approach to maintaining a coherent database for roads in a scientific and efficient manner is therefore required and consequently, geographic information systems (GIS) will be advantageous. Hence, there will be improvements in planning, implementation and operation of the road sector through provision of timely, reliable, sufficiently and accurately detailed data which will facilitate the decision making activities. Uluocha (2018) notes that if the noble objective of mapping for proper utility design and maintenance is to be satisfactorily achieved, the more sophisticated computer-based Automated Mapping/Facility Management (AM\FM) or a Geographic Information System (GIS) must be embraced. According to Miller and Shaw (2011), Geographic Information System for transportation (GIS-T) can play a central role   in the new environment for public land-use and transportation decision-making by allowing a wide-range of information to be integrated based on the location and fostering (but certainly not securing) a holistic perspective on complex land-use and transportation problems. Miller and Shaw (2011) explain further that GIS-T allows analytical and computational tools to be used in conjunction with detailed representations of the local geography, allowing analysis and problem-solving to be tailored to the local context. GIS-T can also greatly reduce the gulf between analysis and communication, allowing greater public input into analytical decisions such as the choice of data, modeling assumptions and scenario development. This study therefore assessed the road types, conditions; and also measures the road density and road connectivity level in the study area with optimal use of GIS. The reason being that proper network mapping of a region can efficiently reduce traffic congestion and/ or bottlenecks, create easy access to places that are far and near, reduce transportation time and increase accessibility of industries to their targeted customers. In addition, proper analysis and mapping of road network cannot be underestimated because this serves as a key to economic development in terms of per-capita income and expenditure of the community.

1.2                     PROBLEM STATEMENT
Global technology and scientific innovation in transportation system has resulted in improvement of global economy and caused environmental degradation. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalisation, but the condition of road is what determines the flow of transport in any environment. Survey also shows that the state of Nigerian roads remains poor for a number of reasons such as faulty designs, lack of drainage and very thin coatings that were easily washed away, excessive use of the road network given the under-developed nature of waterways and railways among others.
However, forecasting, updating, maintenance and general management of road information and network in terms of spatial and non-spatial data are needed but the voluminous nature of data involved for proper record keeping is indeed cumbersome, and cannot effectively be handled by a traditional system of record keeping. This study was carried out to overcome the problem noticed on using traditional method used in updating and general management of road information by using Geographic Information System (GIS).

1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study assessed the road network system of Rumuola, Elekahia of Port-harcourt using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The objectives of the study are:

• To have accurate information of the nature of the road at any point in time.
• To maintain good road network system
• To improve the economy of the nation.

1.4                      SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study assessed the road network system of Rumuola, Elekahia of Port-harcourt using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Topographical map of scale 1:100000 and Google Earth, 2020 version were the sources for the acquisition of the data. A reconnaissance survey of the area was also done to assess the present situation and state of the road network. Both the topographical map and the imagery were geo-rectified in ArcGIS 9.2 and geographic data on roads and road junction were captured. Road junctions were digitized as points, which are otherwise referred to as nodes, while the roads as lines, which are also called Arcs. Simple descriptive analysis was used to describe the road condition, pavements and types of the road network in the study. The connectivity level in the road network was determined with the use of Beta Index (BI).

1.5                   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Ho: there is a significant relationship between good road network and nation’s economy.
Hi: there is no significant relationship between good road network and nation’s economy.

1.6                      RESEARCH QUESTION

• What is the importance of having good road network?
• Does good road network contribute positively to Nigeria economy?
• Can the situation of Nigeria road be captured digitally?

1.7                      DEFINITION OF TERMS
GIS is defined by Burrough (1986) as “a powerful tool for collection, storage, retrieval, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world. Goodchild (2017) defined GIS as “a computer system for handling geographic information in a digital form.
A map as defined by Ndukwe (2011) as a representation on a plane surface of the physical features (natural and artificial) of parts or the whole earth’s surface, at a given scale, by the use of signs and symbols with the method of orientation indicated.

1.8                        LIMITATION OF STUDY
As we all know that no human effort to achieve a set of goals goes without difficulties, certain constraints were encountered in the course of carrying out this project and they are as follows:-

• Difficulty in information collection: I found it too difficult in laying hands of useful information regarding this work and this course me to visit different libraries and internet for solution.
• Financial Constraint:    Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (data obtained from Rivers State Ministry of Lands and Housing).
• Time Constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.

1.9                              PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work,   chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

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