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Dharmadhikari et al (2014) presented an automatic window system during rain. The system was designed with ease of operational ability, which eliminates the stress on the occupant’s effort especially when it rains. The data processing unit contains the microcontroller. The motor control module is composed of the DC motor and its control circuit. The rain detection unit uses two types of sensors whose outputs are normalized by an input signal module. The data processing is performed by a microcontroller and its results are fed into an output signal module which is the input to the motor control box (Javanmard et al, 2019). The two signal modules were needed for interfacing between all the units. This system performs well but has precise feedback limitation due to the DCmotor.
Khan et al (2015) presented a work on a design concept and zone wise home parameter control. The fluent performance was applied to the entire system design, which enables reliable signal processing, transfer and control to manage delicate vehicle interconnected systems. The system used AT89C51 microcontroller which has no in-built analogue to digital converter and comes under complex instruction set computer (CISC) architecture that makes the programming more complex. Our work  uses PIC microcontrollers which are moreflexible. 
Mazidi et al (2016) worked on a design that will assist in door operational management, the approach is based on the application of motion detecting sensor (PIR sensor) and 8051 microcontroller to create an automatic door opening and closing system in assisting shopping malls and other commercial buildings. The system uses infrared detectors to detect images based on the temperature variants of the objects. However, they cannot detect differences in the objects which have a very similar temperature range which can lead to high inaccuracy.
Sai and Sivaramakrishnan (2019) worked on the design of a self-adjusting window shade with a computer terminal that acts as a remote to broadcast instructions to the window shade via radio frequency (RF) signals. Manual adjustments are stored into the microcontroller system along with the room’s current ambient light and temperature settings. When these lighting and temperature conditions are found in the room, the window shade will automatically re-adjust itself to that previous level. This system will automatically raise, lower, open, and close your blinds by itself. The implemented work was tested experimentally and the results show high efficiency performance.
Okomba et al (2015) worked on the design and prototype implementation of an Arduino microcontroller based liquid crystal display (LCD) system that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR). The Arduino microcontroller was connected (hard-wired) to the pins of an LCD programmed to display a list of names continuously but one at a time. The developed system was tested and found to meet the required specifications.
Joan et al (2013) described a radio frequency communication for controlling stepper motor through a PIC16F877 microcontroller. For remote communication, DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi frequency) signal can replace RF signal for the advantage of simplicity and audibility. Stepper motors, due to their positional accuracies and fast response, are now finding applications in computer peripherals, process control, machine tools, robotics and various surveillance systems (Aye, 2018). Stepper motors are especially being used in robotics and process control like silicon processing, integrated circuits bonding and laser trimming applications where it is necessary to control the stepper motor from a remote place (Andrew et al, 2019).

Adeyanju et al (2015) worked on the design and prototype implementation of a multi-powered uninterruptible power supply system using a microcontroller. The system consisted of three basic units: the battery charging unit, the automatic switching unit and the inverter unit. The automatic switching unit includes the micro-controller and MOSFET switches to regulate the charging from multiple sources as well as switching from the power supply from AC to battery and vice versa. Evaluation showed that charging the battery with AC power was much faster than with solar power.
Sagarika et al (2011) worked on the angular position of a stepper motor being controlled remotely using DTMF signal through a microcontroller. Wireless position control can also be achieved through RF transmitter and receiver. However in case of RF communication, devices using similar frequencies such as wireless phones, scanners, wrist radios and personal locators can interfere with transmission (Alice,2014).
Minka et al (2018) did a work on “the technology for production smart windows”. according to them, the paper present some of the solutions improving the characteristics of the windows so that are rightly call smart windows. From their work, a sustainable, energy-efficient building construction affects the need to improve the characteristics of the window. More and more smart homes build. Windows and doors built into these homes must meet certain requirements to ensure that the quality of stay in these homes is at the desired level. For this reason, significant research and improvement of window characteristics has been carried out in recent years and decade. Solutions include the use of sensors, control units and sophisticated equipment to provide improved window characteristics.
Yogesh et al (2019) proposed a work on “rain detection system using arduino and rain sensor”. According to their works, RAIN SENSOR is a switching device activated by rainfall, there are two main applications for rain sensors,one is for the automatic irrigation system and another is for the automatic mode of wind screen wipers.Their paper aimed at designing a rain detection system that uses a rain sensor to detect the rain. The rain sensor is used todetect any rainfall falling on it and then it will sense and perform the required actions. This system is controlledthrough Arduino. Arduino UNO board is sufficed to control rain sensor and also to interface the sensor.Whereas, the movement of the sensor is controlled by using a rain control module. This module is controlledusing the Arduino Uno board as a microcontroller. The signal received from the sensor is processed using“Processing Development Environment Software".
Gutierrez-Gomez et al (2021) made a propagation study of LoRa P2P links for IoTapplications , the case of near-surface measurements over semitropical rivers. ValentinaYakovlevahas proposed the Rainfall intensity andquantity estimation method based on Gamma-Dose Rate Monitoring. Xi Shen has designed a Retrieval of rain drop size distribution using Dual-polarized microwave signals from LEO Satellites, a feasibility study through simulations. MattiaStagnaro performed the use of dynamic calibration to correct drop counter raingauge measurements. Enrico Chinchella proposed the Investigation of the wind-induced air flow pattern near the this LPM precipitation gauge.
Evangili et al (2020) proposed a work on a “Real time rain sensing and wind shield wiper control system with cloud computing and geotagging applications”. Their proposed work was carried out to modifiedto fully automatic. In their work, they designed and developed an inexpensive and fully automatic wind shield wiper system usingTexas instruments CC3200XL-Launchpad, Rain sensor YL-63, GSM SIM900A Module and Thing speak cloud. Further, the internet connectivity inthe developed hardware will send messages to the connected cars/mobiles about the rain and the location of the vehicle can easily be tracked using Geotagging.
Machot et al (2019) developed a system called Advanced Driver Assistance system(ADAS)using real time drop detection using Cellular Neural Networks(CNN)and support vector machines (SVM) which assists the drivers snow,rainy and mist conditions to control the wiper speed.
Khatkhate  et al (2019) presenteda smart window system based on Electrochemical rain sensor(ERS). The result analysis shows that DC motor consumes10% current less than the conventional motor and givesbetter assistance for occupants in controlling the window during rainy conditions.
Chandekar  et al (2017) talks about a window control using ERS technique.The proposed system does not include a microcontroller so that it works efficiently specially in the locations where there isa heavy snow and rainfall and designed a voltage buffer for current to operate wiper at different speeds.
Alazzawi  et al (2017) developed a cost-effective window control using rain detection sensor and fuzzy logic is used to study the sensor’sanalog data using Arduino- UNO which controls the wiperspeed using Pulse width modulation Technique. A vision-based windshield wiper system using PIC microcontroller and CAN (Controller Area Network) technique is developed(Naresh et al., 2015)where CAN consists of master and slave system in which slave collect the intensity of rain and master makes analysis of data and controls the wiper speed.
In a work done by Wang  et al (2014) an adjacent capacitive edge technique-based window system using digital chip AD7412 is developed. The system usedthree types of capacitive sensors round-arrays, single ringand flower shaped and the results shows single ring sensor gives feasibility of the wiper control in automobiles.
Joshi1 et al (2013) talks about automatic window control system using resistive rain sensor and to achieve the window closing inaccordance with the rainfall intensity an embedded systemwas developed using PIC microcontroller. An intelligent rain window system(Madankar et al., 2011)using Moisture sensor(SH200),PIC18F Microcontroller using CAN technology is presented which monitors the window motor speed in the presence of rain and the moisture inside the house while raining.
Sugimoto el al (2012)presented a technique to detect rain drops on house window using geometric-photometric model which uses in-doorcamera images and determines rain drop shape as a spheroid section using External regions Algorithm and Supportvector machine Algorithm. Infrared rain senor (Yanyana et al.,2011) based window system using STC12C5616ADN is developed which converts optical signal into voltage and finally processed by the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) tocontrol the smart window motor speed.
Choi (2011) presented an automatic windshield glass using omni directional rain sensorand time division sensing technique which detects intensity of rain in seven steps to use rain sensor in windows and scattered light detection increases the sensing area of detecting rain intensity.

Zhina et al (2019) proposed a study on A Comparative Study on Smart Windows Focusing on Climate-Based Energy Performance and Users’Comfort Attributes. Their study aims to propose practical recommendations for smart windows’ implementation over variousclimate zones across the world. To follow this aim, 54 studies published from 2013 to 2022 collected from architecture, engineering, and material science databases and have been reviewed, and seven types of smart windows including electrochromic, photovoltachromic, gasochromic, thermochromic, photochromic, hydrochromic, and Low-E have been identified. Moreover, the thermal properties and visual features of smart coatings used in the windows and their impacts on energy efficiency and users’ comfort were recognized. Then, a comparative study was conducted to identify and propose the most efficient coating utilized in the structure of smart windows across different climate zones.
Mohd  et al (2011) did a model  which was proposed for domestic use, which closes the window whenraindrop is sensed. It was achieved with the use of rain sensors and a linear actuator. However, it waslimited to environments where there isa constant downpourofrain, which makesitunsuitable forareas that had harsh weather conditions. Also, humanitarian aid is still required to open up the windowwhen therainhad ceased to fall, which defeatstheentirepurposeoffullautomation.

Patil et al (2019) worked on an automatic sliding window to overcome the problems faced with windowsoperated manually via remote control. The authors introduced a switch with a time relay sensor. Whenthe button on the switch is pressed, current flows to the transformer, which causes the motor to start tomove.Themovementofthemotoropensthewindow,andonceittouchesalimitswitchatanyendofthewindow,itstopsitsactionthere. Themovementstopsbecausetheflowofcurrentin tothemotoralsostops.ThewindowautomaticallyclosesbecausethereisatimerelaysensorandanICinthecircuit which enables this. The IC sends current to the sensor, which signals the motor to close thewindow in the opposite direction. On closing the window, a limit switch is reached, too, which stopsfurthermovement.
The work made the control of windows fully automatic and attractive for all classes of people in thesocietyasitissafeandreliableforuse.However,themajorsetbackwastheamountofenergyconsumedbythemotor.Thismadethe workinefficientinmanaginglimitedenergyresources.
Luecke et al (2015) used sensors and an actuating hardware system to control of window's shade. The authorsconsidered the winter period and summer period in their model. During the winter, heating is required,andtheshadeblindswereopentoallowthemaximuminfluxoflightandviceversainthesummer.The curtains were designedto be open in the day timeto a certain extent,butto be completely closedatnighttimenomattertheweathercondition.Thiswastoallowfortheprivacyoftheoccupant.Intheauthor'sdesign,the motorwasconnectedtothebottom railofthe shadesthroughasetofreductiongears,whichallowsforfullandfastmotionoftheshadows.Themotorwascontrolledusinga personal computer andadigital dataacquisition andcontrol board.Abutton had tobe pressedtovaryfromonemodetotheotherbasedontheseason.Althoughtheworkwasefficientintermsofenergyusage,thecontrolof blindsbyoccupantswaseliminated.Themajordrawbackofthisworkisthat the window will be permanently closed during the winter. From the preceding, it is evident toimproveupon previouswork.However, thisworkseeksto improveon the limitationsofpast workandmaketheautomaticcontrol of windowstobeaseffectiveas possible.

REFERENCES
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Sagarika P., Niladri S., Tripathy I., (2011): Remote Position Control System of Stepper Motor Using DTMF Technology in International Journal of Control and Automation Vol.4 No.2.
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Madankar SB, Khanapurkar MK (2011) Intelligent rain sensingusing automatic wiper system. In: 2nd national conference oninformation and communication technology (NCICT) proceed-ingsininternationalJournalofcomputerapplications,pp27–2
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ZhinaRashidzadeh * and NegarHeidariMatin(2019) A Comparative Study on Smart Windows Focusing onClimate-Based Energy Performance and Users’ Comfort Attributes. Department of Interior Design, Gibbs College of Architecture, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA. Correspondence: zhina.rashidzadeh@ou.edu (Z.R.); negar.matin@ou.edu (N.H.M.)
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