SOLID WASTES MANAGEMENT MODEL AND STRATEGY IN A TYPICAL NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF UYO)
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
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APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work,"solid wastes management model and strategy in a typical nigeria (a case study of university of uyo)"by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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The purpose of this study is to outline the major trends and challenges that will shape the future of waste management for the next few decades in UNIUYO. There are certain trends and facts that more or less create the ‘bigger picture’ in which the waste management industry will evolve. It is clear that new challenges are emerging, and the current situation must be seen in a different way because the disposal site is limited and also it has to be made cost effective. Amounts of waste generation are largely determined by two factors: first, the rate of population increasing in UNIUYO and second, its per capita waste generation - which are controlled by the evolution of economic growth, life style and food habits. The present study explains the correlation analysis of among different factors of waste and the objective is to assess the future waste generation stream in UNIUYO. The results show that for a decoupling to take place between economic growth and waste generation, the waste generation by UNIUYO students in relation to their economic activities must decrease in the future
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
- DEFINE PROJECT AREA
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- FACTORS AFFECT WASTE GENERATION RATES
- PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- CONCEPT OF INDISCRIMINATE SOLID WASTE
- CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACT
- INDISCRIMINATE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
- BEST WAY TO START IN NIGERIA
- POSSIBLE MEASURES OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
CHAPTER THREE
- MATERIALS/METHODS
- STUDY AREA
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- SAMPLE COLLECTION
- RESULTS ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TEST AND RESULT ANALYSIS
- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Waste generation is an issue of worldwide concern. The generators of waste are broadly classified as residential, industrial, commercial, institutional, construction, demolition, municipal and agricultural types. Solid waste is also generated by human and animal activities that are discarded as useless or unwanted waste. Economic development, urbanization and improving living standard in cities of developing countries have lead to increase in the quantity and complex composition of municipal solid waste. Management of solid waste resulting from rapid urbanization has become a serious concern for government departments, pollution control agencies, regulatory bodies and public in most of the developing countries.
The quantity of waste generated depends on a number of factors such as food habits, standard of living, degree of commercial activities and seasons. Data on quantity variation and generation are useful in planning for collection, transportation and disposal systems. UNIUYO now generate three times more waste than they did in 1981 because of increasing urbanization and changing life styles. The rate of increase of waste generated per capita is estimated at 0.75 to 1.25% annually. Waste generation rates in small towns are lower than those of metro cities, and the per capita generation rate of waste in UNIUYO 0.35 kg/ day. It was also estimated that the total waste generated by 14.12 thousand people living in the institution areas was 4837 metric tonne/day in 2013.
1.1 AIM/ OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aims of this work is to:
- Minimize the amount of¤ waste generated (source reduction)
- Recover waste materials¤ and recycle them
- Dispose of waste safely¤ and effectively Source reduction is the preferred approach
1.2 DEFINE PROJECT AREA
The University of Uyo (UNIUYO) is located in Uyo, capital of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The university was formerly known as the University of Cross River State (UNICROSS). On October 1, 1991 the federal government of Nigeria established it as a federal university and the name was changed to the University of Uyo. The university inherited students, staff, academic programmes and the entire facilities of the erstwhile University of Cross River State established by Cross River State in 1983. Academic activities commenced during the 1991/92 academic session. UNIUYO has about 13 faculties and is expanding.
The Vice-Chancellor is Professor Enefiok Essien. In 2015 the Emir of Hadejia, Adamu Maje was appointed chancellor.
UNIUYO is in the heart of Uyo, capital of Akwa Ibom, Nigeria's second largest oil-producing state. Uyo is easily accessible by road,though there is an international airport for external use(s). It operates from four campuses:
- The Permanent Site/Main Campus which accommodates Parts of Central Administration, Faculties of Engineering and Natural and Applied Sciences, International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), and the Postgraduate School
- The Town Campus which accommodates Faculties of Arts, Education, Social Sciences, Pharmacy
- The Annex Campus, home for the Faculties of Agriculture, Business Administration, Law, Environment Studies and General Studies
- The Ime Umana Campus, Ediene Abak, which accommodates the Pre-Degree, JUPEB and other special courses.
The Permanent Site/Main Campus of the university along Nwaniba Road, Uyo is about 4.5 km from the city centre and covers an area of about 1,443 hectares.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by residences or businesses over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.). Waste generation includes all materials discarded, whether or not they are later recycled or disposed in a landfill. Waste generation rates for residential and commercial activities can be used to estimate the impact of new developments on the local waste stream.
1.4 FACTORS AFFECT WASTE GENERATION RATES
Geographic and physical factors that affect the quantities of waste generated and collected include:
a. geographical location – related primarily to the different climate that can influence both the amount generated and collection operation.
b. season of the year
c. frequency of collection
d. characteristics of population
e. extent of salvage and recycling.
f. legislation
g. public attitude
1.5 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
University waste generated contributes to environmental problems including habitat destruction, surface and groundwater pollution, and other forms of air, soil, and water contamination. Incineration creates toxic substances, while landfills emit methane (which contributes to global warming) and other gases to the school’s environment.
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
This study was conducted to provide a detailed description of solid waste generation and characteristics, and management in university of Uyo. Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by residences or businesses over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.) in the institution. Solid Waste generation includes all materials discarded, whether or not they are later recycled or disposed in a landfill. Solid Waste generation and management rates for residential and commercial activities can be used to estimate the impact of new developments on the local waste stream.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
Generation of solid waste along drainage channel globally is attributed to man’s daily activities and the effects are inevitable. However, there are measures that can be adopted to make our environment better and safe to live. Unlawful solid waste dumping in Nigeria must be stopped; markets for recycled materials should be encouraged and financially supported by both government and private stakeholders. There is urgent need for Nigeria government to implement policies that can promote measures to prevent generation of wastes. Human health and the environment need to be safeguard from unsanitary conditions caused by indiscriminate solid waste disposal that has always lead to pollution and outbreak of diseases.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Indiscriminate solid waste generation, disposal and management in Ibadan South West is a serious issue because of the environmental issues these waste brings. From the findings of this study, it was observed that indiscriminate dump of solid waste in the society has several effects on individuals and as well as the society at large. These effects range from its negative effects on environment, health, and also people’ attitude which will have multiplier effects on the present and future inhabitants of the area. Indiscriminate dump of solid waste causes infectious disease among people, contamination of food and water, air pollution, sharp objects and chemicals illegal disposed thus causing harm to people. It also serves as breeding sights for disease vectors. Indiscriminate dump of refuse causes environmental degradation, soil pollution, creates harmful soil that is bad for crops production, environmental mess and poor environmental hygiene. People’s attitude such as refusal to pay waste management bills, laziness, violation of rules on refuse disposal and also some people may not be able to pay for waste management bills. All these could be described as the effects and causes of indiscriminate refuse dumps in Ibadan South West Local Government Area. While the Government has good intention to tackle the problem of environmental pollution within the city, it has a very low political will to back up its desire. This has manifested in the poor funding of the institutions charged with this responsibility.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
The paper concluded that the management of environment of Ibadan city is a function of the concerted efforts of the three agencies charged with the environmental sanitation especially the Oyo State Solid Waste Management Authority. It is a capital intensive project that are closely associated with adequate manpower and the government should consider the care of the environment as a social service, otherwise Ibadan South West local government will continue to remain as the city of refuse in West Africa with its attendant health hazard. Also, the creation of Ibadan state which has been thirst for will go a long way to solve some of the environmental problems presently facing the city.
To prevent this ancient city and the commercial nerve Centre of Western Nigeria from environmental deterioration, the following recommendations are to be attentively looking into:
- There is the need to look into all legislations regarding waste management with a view to stream lining them so that there is a comprehensive and clear role for all the agencies, various tiers of government, as well as the public including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and community associations.
- There should be public enlightenment on the dangers of indiscriminate dump of solid waste to the general public.
- Citizens should be made to pay a realistic fee for waste services in return for the guarantee that indeed these services will be provided.
- Residents should contribute to the environmental cleanliness by adopting attitudinal change from indiscriminate refuse dumping along the street and as well as the median strip of the highways
- Severe Sanction: Weekly and Monthly sanitation should be enforced .This will assist in cleaning up the environment.
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