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TITLE PAGE

STUDY OF EFFECT OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY ON AFAM GENERATION STATION

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

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DEDICATION
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Voltage Instability is another stability problem that may manifest under heavy loading conditions. This problem causes extremely low voltages. It stems due to the actions of loads to demand power which is beyond the capability of the generators and the transmission network.
There is a need to perform studies to ensure that the reliability of the power system is maintained at all system condition and its different operating horizons. This paper analyzes the voltage stability problem of a system by finding a continuum power flow solutions with base load and obtaining steady state voltage stability limit the critical point. The in-between result of the process is used to determine voltage instability index and further to identify portion of the system prone to such voltage collapse.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
• PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

• OVERVIEW OF ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION
• REVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• REVIEW OF NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS
• VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

• INTRODUCTION
• VOLTAGE INSTABILITY INDEX
• LOAD MODELLING

CHAPTER FOUR

• RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE

• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
The state of an electric power system may be classified as either stable or unstable. The borderline of stability is at any condition for which a slight change in an unfavourable direction of any pertinent quantity will cause instability. The nature of the unstable response will depend upon the characteristics of the system and the operating condition. Although in the general case every system variable is involved, in particular cases the instability may be manifested primarily by the loss of synchronism of one or more generating units (angle instability) or by the uncontrollable decay of system voltage over a significant portion of the network (voltage instability).
Since the principal network characteristics of importance and the principal techniques and tools of analysis are in some degree different for the two cases, and since the possibility of ‘voltage instability’ has become of increasing concern with the development of widespread networks, ‘voltage instability’ has been singled out as a separate phenomenon, distinguished from, but closely related to, ‘angle instability’. This close relationship is well illustrated by the common practice of improving stability by voltage support, even though the instability in prospect is ‘angle instability’.
Moreover, voltage instability has become fashionable both as a subject for study and as a characterization of many recent cases of system collapse, in some cases even though the basis for such characterization has not been immediately evident.
This paper has been written: to define voltage stability, voltage collapse, and voltage security more narrowly so they are not all-embracing phenomena. And also to show the system conditions leading to voltage instability and the system behaviour at its occurrence in the simplest and most direct way.
The modern power distribution network is constantly being faced with an ever-growing load demand. Distribution networks experience distinct change from a low to high load level everyday. In certain industrial areas, it has been observed that under certain critical loading conditions, the distribution system experience voltage collapse which is also called voltage instability.
Brownell and Clarke [1] have reported the actual recordings of this phenomenon in which system voltage collapses periodically and urgent reactive compensation needs to be supplied to avoid repeated voltage collapse.
Literature survey shows that a lot of work has been done on the voltage instability analysis of distribution systems, but hardly any work has been done on the voltage instability analysis of radial distribution networks. Jasmon and Lee and Gubina and Strmchnik have studied the voltage instability analysis of radial networks. They have represented the whole network by a single line equivalent. The single line equivalent derived by these authors is valid only at the operating point at which it is derived. It can be used for small load changes around this point. However, since the power equations are highly nonlinear, even in a simple radial system, the equivalent would be inadequate for assessing the voltage stability limit. Also their techniques do not allow for the changing of the loading pattern of the various nodes which would greatly affect the collapse point.
In this paper, an analysis of voltage instability in a distribution networks was studied.

1.1                                         BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Planning and operating today’s power systems, the voltage instability is of major and growing concern. The Power transmission utility requirements have changed considerably after the deregulation of the power industry. These changes had brought a considerable unacceptable poor quality power, which is apparent by continuous increase in sophisticated generation, transmission, distribution and service industries. The modern society where the prime energy source is electricity, the user does not tolerate power outages and other disturbances that impact their conveniences or life style. Social, environmental, right of way costs are aggregated by potential problems that hinder the construction of new transmission lines. Introduction of the deregulated energy market has further stressed the transmission grid because of maximized financial returns with minimum investment and deliver energy at a reasonable cost to the ultimate customer. One of the major problems associated with the today stressed system is voltage instability or voltage collapse. Voltage collapse is a process, which leads to a reduction of voltage in a significant portion of a power system. The tripping of trans- mission or generating equipment often triggers voltage collapse. [1]
Voltage instability is the inability of a power system to maintain voltage irrespective of the increase or decrease in load admittance and load power resulting in control of power and voltage. The process by which voltage instability leads to the loss of voltage in a significant part of a power system is called voltage collapse - the inability of a power system to operate not only in stable conditions.
A system enters into the unstable state when a disturbance (load increase, line outage or other system changes) causes the voltage drop quickly or to drift downward and, and automatic system controls fail to improve the voltage level. The voltage decay can take a few seconds to several minutes.

1.2                                      PROBLEM STATEMENT
Transmission systems are becoming more stressed due to increased loads and inter-utility power transfers hence giving rise to threats of voltage instability and collapse [4]. In Nigeria, voltage instability problems are part of the reasons of power blackout or system collapse. Long distance transmission of electric power account for reasonable voltage drop as generation stations in the country are remotely located. This study was carried out to study the effect of such voltage instability on Afam Generation station.

1.3                                  AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
This research focuses on the voltage instability analysis of Afam generation station which is the main aim of the study. The objectives are:

• To solve the power system instable state
• To increase power supply on Afam Generation station.
• To prevent damages which can cause total breakdown on our transmission line

1.3                                              PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to presents an innovative technique for load flow calculations and voltage instability analysis of generation networks

1.4                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The voltage instability analysis is carried out on the basis of single feeder comprising of two-bus system using ABCD line parameters. The feeder's voltage in distribution system has been monitored at lagging and leading load conditions for various power factors. Hence, the active power-voltage (PV) curve and reactive power-voltage (QV) are used as tools to monitor the voltage instability at feeders. The voltage critical, voltage regulation, voltage gap and line current are monitored at each load power factor.

1.5                              CAUSES OF VOLTAGE STABILITY PROBLEMS
Large system disturbances are due to faults, loss of generation, tripping of loaded transmission lines and other effects that create large power flow pattern. Essentially, inability of power system to meet the reactive power demand is largely respon sible for voltage instability in a particular system [1]. A power system is in a state of instability when a disturbance like increase in load demand or change in system condition causes a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage.
The major contributory factors to voltage insta bility include:

• Loss of load at some bus or an area: When low voltage is observed on some bus(es), the installed under-voltage relays will sense and act in a manner that the load on such bus(es) are put out of power supply for the voltage on such network or bus to improve. Otherwise the scenario may degenerate to the ex- tent that the collapse of the power system may be imminent.

Tripping of transmission line(s) due to faults: Large voltage drop in a power system is an indication that the transmission line is carrying large reactive power demand resulting in large amount of current flowing on the line. The situation is sensed by the over-current re- lays which act to isolate such lines. However the distance protection of the transmission line is not so much affected by the changes in the load current or short circuit current magnitude unlike overcurrent relays [3].  When a highly distressed line trips, power will be routed through the interconnecting lines and they will experience or suffer the same effect as the already tripped line. This leads to cascade tripping in the network.

• Tripping of some generators due to field cur- rent violations: The generators are the major reactive power source in a transmission sys- tem. When reactive power demand is high, voltage levels drops and generators, through the Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) tries to maintain constant the terminal voltages. This attempt can lead to high excitation current of the generators. If the reactive power demand continues to increase in the system, leading to continuous drop in voltage, the generators will continue to maintain its terminal voltages constant through the action of the AVR.

If this is sustained, a time will be reached when there will be overcurrent in the excitation circuit. The overcurrent relays will operate to trip the generators due to high field current. The sequence of events highlighted above, which is a fall- out of voltage instability,  ultimately will lead to a total or partial blackout in an area in a phenomenon known as voltage collapse or very low voltages in a significant part of the system.

1.6                                        EFFECT OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY

• Loss of load in area
• Tripping of transmission lines
• Voltage collapse in the system

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "study of effect of voltage instability on afam generation station" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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