STUDY OF IMPACT OF FREQUENCY DEVIATION ON POWER SYSTEM
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The operation and the development of power system networks introduce new types of stability problems. The effect of the power generation and consumption on the frequency of the power system can be described as a demand/generation imbalance resulting from a sudden increase/decrease in the demand and/or generation. This paper investigates the impact of a loss of generation on the transient behaviour of the power grid frequency. A simplified power system model is proposed to examine the impact of change of the main generation system parameters (system inertia, governor droop setting, load damping constant, and the high-pressure steam turbine power fraction), on the primary frequency response in responding to the disturbance of a 1.32 GW generation loss on the power grid. Various rates of primary frequency responses are simulated via adjusting system parameters of the synchronous generators to enable the controlled generators providing a fast-reliable primary frequency response within 10 s after a loss of generation. It is concluded that a generation system inertia and a governor droop setting are the most dominant parameters that effect the system frequency response after a loss of generation. recent power systems have become a widely interconnected and complicated network, containing thousands of buses and generating stations. In order to provide the required power, it is required to extend the power network by adding new power generating and transmission lines. Due to economic and environmental constraints of new installations for generators and load demand growth, the transmission lines flow on existing transmission lines have increased, leading to risks of losing frequency stability and system blackout. This paper presents an overview on the impact of frequency deviation on power system.
Keywords: demand side response; frequency response; frequency stability; generation system; National Grid
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF POWER SYSTEM STRUCTURE
- POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
- FREQUENCY CONTROL IN POWER SYSTEM
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- POWER SYSTEM MODEL AND GOVERNING PARAMETERS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.2 FREQUENCY VARIATIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The operation and the development of power system networks introduce new types of stability problems [Abdulraheem et al, 2016]. The effect of the power generation and consumption on the frequency of the power system can be described as a demand/generation imbalance resulting from a loss of generation or load manifests itself as a variation in the system frequency [Qazi et al, 2016]. A high demand on consumption will cause system frequency to decrease, while low demand on consumption will increase the system frequency, and vice versa with the generation [Kirby et al, 2013]. There are many possible parameters involved when analysing the problems associated with the controlled operation of the power systems [Kirby et al, 2013].
A power system is a highly nonlinear system and its dynamic response is influenced by a wide range of devices with different characteristics and response rates [Kirby et al, 2013]. Characteristics such as rapid load changes and generation outputs, loss of synchronisation among generators, short-circuiting on the transmission, and other operating parameters that are affected by the changes of the environment and operational disturbances.
Although the power systems are designed to withstand wide-ranging disturbances, stability of the power system becomes remarkably unstable with the greater. The potential of research in investigating how power generation–consumption and frequency stability affect the overall performance of the power grid system, including the parameters that define and determine the frequency output after a disturbance, has remarkably increased [Saleh et al, 2013].
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At the generation side, the rotational speed of synchronous machines is directly proportional to the systems frequency [Kundur et al, 2014]. Frequency stability refers to the ability of the power system to maintain steady frequency following a severe system disturbance resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and load [Kundur et al, 2014]. Deviations in frequency will result in the use of control applications to regulate the frequency of the power grid to the safe and satisfactory levels [Sarma et al, 2014]. The UK Grid regulates frequency to be maintained at 1% of the nominal system frequency (50 Hz), except at exceptional circumstances [Kundur et al, 2014].
Demand Side Response (DSR) is a real-time intervention using energy controlled applications when the power systems is disturbed or stressed [Kundur et al, 2014]. Load-shedding is a coordinated controlled response which results in reduction in electrical load, this relieves stress on the main power system [Kundur et al, 2014].
The frequency measurements are compared to European electrical standards EN 50160 [Meegahapola, 2010] and EN 50160/A1 [Qazi, 2016] in order to establish if the frequency deviations in the grid during islanded operation surpasses the range set for systems without synchronous connection to an interconnected system. The frequency variations are also compared to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard 60034-1 [Teng et al, 2015], computer power supply ATX12V design specifications [Wood, et al, 2013], Intel power supply design specifications [Kerahroudi et al, 2015] and IEC Standard 60076-1 [Kundur et al, 2014] to predict possible effects on connected equipment.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Power systems are complex systems consisting of large number of generating units and interconnected network of transmission lines. The frequency deviation is an issue of prime importance in this complex power system network since the demand for electric power is increasing drastically. The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces equal to or greater than the disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium is known as stability. Frequency deviation is one of the power stability problems commonly noticed in power system. A high demand on consumption will cause system frequency to decrease, while low demand on consumption will increase the system frequency, and vice versa with the generation. This study was carried out to study the impact of frequency deviation on power system.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of this work is to carry out a study on the impact of frequency deviation of power system.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will be of great benefit to the reader in that it will help the reader to understand the effect of frequency deviation in power system also the make known to the reader the causes of frequency deviation in power system.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work is on the investigation of the effect of frequency deviation on power system. This paper investigates the impact of frequency deviation on power system. A simplified power system model is proposed to examine the impact of change of the main generation system parameters (system inertia, governor droop setting, load damping constant, and the high-pressure steam turbine power fraction), on the primary frequency response in responding to the disturbance on the power grid.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
In this research, a simplified power system model was developed to examine the impact of change of the main generation system parameters, systems inertia Heq, governor droop setting Req, load damping constant D, and the high-pressure steam turbine power fraction (T1/T2), on the primary frequency response in responding to the disturbance of a 1.32 GW generation loss on the power grid, which occurs after 5 s from starting the simulation. A SIMULINK model that simulates various rates of primary frequency responses via adjusting system parameters of the synchronous generators to enable the controlled generators providing a fast-reliable primary frequency response within 10 s after a loss of generation, was presented.
It is noticed that the higher the system inertia value Heq, the less deviation is produced
which will reduce the damaging impact to the system. Hence, the higher the inertia value the more controlled the primary frequency response. Furthermore, the system inertia has no overall impact on the final steady state value of frequency, where all the response curves stabilise at 49.9 Hz. This means that the systems inertia only affects the primary frequency response and does not affect the secondary response.
It is evident that the governor drop setting Req has no effect on the initial rate of the frequency drop before the peak frequency deviation. Whilst the higher drop setting value, the greater deviation in frequency response. Thus, for different levels of generation loss, the recovery rate will be dependent on the changes of the governor droop setting values. It is evident that the load damping constant D has a direct effect on the maximum frequency deviation that occurs after a loss of generation, the higher the load damping constant, the smaller the frequency deviation decline, thus highly stable primary frequency response. Whilst, the high-pressure power fraction (T1/T2) has a direct effect on the damping sensitivity of the system’s frequency restoration, the higher the power fraction ratio, the lower frequency deviation. It is concluded that the most dominant parameters that caused the most effective primary frequency response is the systems inertia, while the next dominant parameter is the governor droop setting. Where the systems inertia value is dependent on the generator type, the most effective generator constant was found to be the closed-cycle gas turbine HCCGT where the system inertial effect decelerates the rate of change of the frequency decline. While the governor droop setting relates to the steady-state frequency regulation, this parameter is dependent on the loss of load, governor droop setting and the systems damping constant. By comparing these findings to similar studies identified within this paper, the findings highlight the crucial role the power system parameters have on the primary frequency response. While other studies incorporate measures to increase the primary frequency response by using external techniques such as using firm frequency response and aggregating power from refrigeration or battery systems, this paper compares the parameters within the power system without any external measures and highlights which parameter settings achieve greatest impact on the primary frequency response. Moreover, the proposed model offers a fundamental basis for a further investigation to be carried on how a power system will react during a secondary frequency response. A secondary feedback loop can be incorporated to provide a secondary frequency response that restores the system frequency to nominal level.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"study of impact of frequency deviation on power system"consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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