THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF TINY SCENT LEAF ON THE GUT OF ADULT MALE COCKROACH (AMERICANA PERIPLANATA)
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This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial effect of tiny scent leaf on the gut of adult male cockroach (americana periplanata). The efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder and ethanol extract on adult Periplanata americana under laboratory condition was studied to control the nuisance of the pest. The mean mortality count of adult Periplanata americana was highest (84) in 50 g leaf powder and lowest (3) in the control. The highest mortality (125) was recorded in 96 hr exposure time while the lowest (17) was recorded in 24 h exposure time. There was significant difference (P-value = 0.05) in the mortality with increase in grams and exposure time of leaf powder and the control at 5% level of significance. The mean mortality count of adult P. americana was highest (104) in 50 ml ethanoic extract and lowest (1) in the control. The highest mortality (143) was recorded in 96 hr exposure time while the lowest (55) was recorded in 24 h exposure time. There is significant difference (P-value = 0.05) in the mortality with increase in grams and exposure time of leaf powder and the control at 5% level of significance. The efficacy of O. gratissimum Ethanol extract is more than the leaf powder. There was significant difference in mortality in both increase in concentration levels and exposure time at 5% level of significance in both leaf powder and ethanol extract.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE SCOPE
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF SCENT LEAF (OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM)
- HEALTH BENEFITS OF SCENT LEAVES (OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM)
- AMERICAN COCKROACHES
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD
- COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT
- EXTRACTION PROCESS
- POPULATION
- DATA COLLECTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
- RESULT
- DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) is made up of different subspecies varieties and formas. The division was based on differences in fruiting calyx, content and morphology. The existing chromosome counts of O. gratissimum are: 2n = 40, 48, 64). Forma caryophyllatum is characterized by: leaves clove-scented when bruised, upper side short-haired, lower side densely gland-dotted, bracts 4 - 6 mm long, much longer than wide, lower lip of corolla not flushed with violet; and forma graveolens by: leaves strongly odoriferous but not clove-scented when bruised, upper surface covered with minute hairs, bracts 2 - 4 mm long, about as long as wide, lower lip of corolla flushed violet inside. Many Ocimum species contain essential, primarily used as vegetable (O. americanum), spice (O. basilicum.), or vegetable and medicine (O. tenuiflorum) [1] .
The American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), also colloquially known as the water bug, but not a true water bug since it is not aquatic, or misidentified as the palmetto bug. It is the largest species of common cockroach, and often considered a pest. It is also known as the ship cockroach, kakerlac, and Bombay canary. Despite the name, none of the Periplaneta species is endemic to the Americas; P. americana was introduced to the United States from Africa as early as 1625. They are now common in tropical climates because human activity has extended the insect’s range of habitation, and are virtually cosmopolitan in distribution as a result of global commerce.
Cockroach as pests, pose many health hazards to people. They also cause the destruction of tangible assets and can be damaging to human health too. They damage fabrics, book bindings and foods. This is largely due to the fact that they excrete only liquid which is not only dirty and filthy but carries an odour which is offensive to the nose, and can contaminate food substances [6] . Cockroach control is carried out using pesticides in form of chemical or gels, however, these alone are not 100% effective against the pest menace as the chemicals are directly or indirectly toxic, therefore an integrated pest management program is required. The ancient man had deployed different methods of control, including prayers, magic spells, cultivation systems, mechanical practices as well as application of organic and inorganic substances [8] .
Between 500 BC and the 19th century a number of substances which were classified as pesticides and defined as “any substances or mixture of substances for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest” were used to control pests. The best pest control method is that which is non-toxic and environment friendly, hence the use of natural plant parts as bio-pesticides. To overcome the problems of synthetic chemical hazards, the use of plant origin product is considered the best control measure which has become popular due to their degradability, least persistence and least toxicity to non-target organisms, economical and easy availability. About 200 plants with insecticidal activities are known including Azadirachta indica (neem) tree whose insecticidal properties have proven successful in the control of over 550 insect species such as the orders Dictyoptera (cockroaches and mantis), Coleopera, Isoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Diptera Orthoptera and others [9] . Developing countries and Nigeria in particular face the most challenges in achieving the sound management of pesticides. A large proportion of the population in Nigeria is directly engaged in agricultural work, often on a very small scale. While evidences abound that botanical pesticides are generally safe and effective [10] , their use in Nigeria as in other parts of Africa is still hampered by some challenges such as most data on botanical pesticides been obtained from laboratory trials; field data are rare.
There is still hardly any developed appropriate technology for the application of botanicals, especially the oil and dust formulations [11] . Also compared with synthetic insecticides, the effects of natural insecticides are short-lived thus frequent applications are required to obtain reasonable degree of crop protection? Furthermore, bio pesticides formulations are yet to be available in usable forms to farmers in commercial quantities so as to serve as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. From the foregoing, the need to advocate for and implement integrated pest management strategies both on field pests, storage product pests, structural pests and domestic pests is indispensable. Therefore the discovery advocating for the adoption and promotion of the use of bio pesticides like Ocimum gratissimum in an integrated pest management frame work is quite relevant.
1.2 Aim and objectives of the study
The main aim of the work is to study the antimicrobial effect of tiny scent leaf on the gut of adult male cockroach (americana periplanata). The objectives are:
- To determine the antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf)
- To study the efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf).
- To determine the chemical reaction between Ocimum gratissimum and methanol
- To study the efficacy of Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder and ethanol extract on adult Periplanata americana
1.3 Scope of the study
Scope of the work covers studying the antimicrobial effect of tiny scent leaf on the gut of adult male cockroach (americana periplanata). During laboratory analysis, fresh leaf of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) sample was collected, air-dried at room temperature and blended to powder using electric blender. The extraction was done using reflux extraction method and methanol as solvent. The antibacterial activity of O. gratissimum were determined to ascertain the different phytochemicals present in the plant extract.
1.4 Significance of the study
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