THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MICROCONTROLLER BASED FOUR – WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work has been aimed at efficient means of controlling the traffic effectively for twenty-four hours. As the world is growing technologically more and more vehicles jump into the public road adding to the already existing number. Consequently, more efficient way of controlling the traffics becomes more desirable as compared to the obsolete way of using the traffic personnel’s.
The design of this traffic light control is grouped basically into three; digital circuit design, the display circuit and the power supply design. The digital logic design is based on microcontroller based which happens to be the modern way of designing digital systems, the display circuit design is aimed at lighting the different LEDS as and when due, while the power supply design strives to achieve a constant 5V dc supply for powering the circuit.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- BENEFIT OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN
- SYSTEM BLOCK
- CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
- PROGRAM CODE
- SYSTEM DISPLAY
CHAPTER FOUR
- IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS
- IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In the ever fast-growing world of business and technology today, there has become an increasing column of vehicles on every road in different place of the world. Traffic control light has become a very effective tool for sequential control of the teaming number of vehicles on the road to avert what would have been a recurrent saga of ghastly accidents at the junctions. There have been many ways of achieving this, uppermost among these being the employment of electronic monitoring circuits that which is controlled by presto clock.
In developed countries, the employment of traffic personnel who would be jumped up and down at the centres of the junction just for the motorists to acknowledge their rigorous signs has long come of age. In developing countries where 24 hours traffic flow is involved, many societies are adopting the usage of the traffic light control. The advantage offered by this method of traffic control cannot be over emphasized. For one, it offers a more advanced technology that is less prone to miscalculation and its regrettable occurrence. They stand out better at night, then offer illumination to the immediate surroundings which become important for security purpose and in general add to there entire aesthetic beauty of night life.
The technology behind the design may vary from place to place, but the fact remains that in all cases an electronic (Microcontroller) circuit is made to control a power circuit. The electronic logic circuit is normally composed of the basic digital components of electronic design which includes oscillators, timers, counters, decoders, microprocessors, etcetera, while the power circuit includes the lamps and the drivers circuits. The digital circuit is designed to give an output commensurate to the design choice. The power supply unit is designed to generate a steady supply voltage which is used to power the logic circuit.
The output consists of a series of lamps which are expected to light in a particular sequence depending on the design. By the logic circuit design, the lamps are made to come up in a particular sequence depending on the design with each colour meaning different motional status of the vehicles in that column.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to build a microcontroller based four – way traffic lighting system which purpose is to stop violation of traffic law which is the major cause of road accident.
The objectives of this work are:
- To build a prototype four-way traffic light control circuitry.
- To build a device that will enhance road safety.
- To reduce road accident.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
This design that replaced the manually used agent which is the traffic warden positioned at different traffic junctions. In most developed towns in Nigeria, this system is employed at every +-junction, so that traffic jam or hold up will be highly controlled and also accidents at this junction are highly minimized. In advance countries, the type of traffic light employed are inform of robot whose eyes serves as the visual display unit (VDU) when the traffic rule is violated the error detector is effected by the mechanical action of the robot.
3.4 BENEFIT OF THE STUDY
Signals offer maximum control at intersections. They relay messages of both what to do and what not to do. The primary function of any traffic signal is to assign right-of-way to conflicting movements of traffic at an intersection. This is done by permitting conflicting streams of traffic to share the same intersection by means of time separation. By alternately assigning right of way to various traffic movements, signals provide for the orderly movement of conflicting flows. They may interrupt extremely heavy flows to permit the crossing of minor movements that could not otherwise move safely through an intersection.
When properly timed, a traffic signal increases the traffic handling capacity of an intersection, and when installed under conditions that justify its use, a signal is a valuable device for improving the safety and efficiency of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. In particular, signals may reduce certain types of accidents, most notably, right-angle (broadside) collisions.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The entire system was built using electronic circuit which microcontroller is the heart of the device. Using digital components and a few linear components such that a digital output is raised to control the traffic at cross (+) junction using lamps rather light emitting diodes LEDS.
1.5 PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Traffic lights were designed to organize the way in which people and cars utilize an intersection, reducing accidents and encouraging the flow of traffic. However, many problems have been found in the traffic light system, from decreasing one type of accident while significantly increasing another to adding traffic to residential streets viz:
Increase in Accidents
Traffic lights can “significantly increase” the number or rear-end collisions at an intersection. Rear-end collisions occur when one car stops and the vehicle behind him does not, colliding into the stopped car. The traffic signal works correctly for the car that actually stopped at the intersection. However, the second car either fails to recognize the stopped car or fails to stop at an appropriate distance to avoid the collision.
Delay
Traffic lights ensure vehicles proceed through the intersection in an orderly fashion. Before traffic lights, however, there was typically one street (out of the two that make up an intersection) that dominated. Once traffic lights were installed, the dominant street began to share equal time with its cross street. As a result, many areas began to experience congestion on one street during hours of heavy traffic, making traffic delays another disadvantage of traffic lights.
Diverted Congestion
To avoid congestion, drivers will use alternative routes, usually residential streets. This is another disadvantage of traffic lights. As drivers cut through residential areas to avoid the congested stoplight, the congestion on those streets increases, especially when intersections are regulated by a yield or two-way stop sign. The overload causes premature wear on residential streets and inconveniences residents of the area.
Civil Disobedience
Frustration with traffic lights is already high among drivers during hours of heavy congestion. Thus, a malfunctioning traffic light or one that stays on red for a few seconds longer than usual can often inflame drivers. The result is an increase in accidents from cars moving when the traffic light signals them to stop.
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The primary purpose of the traffic light is to attain the safest and most efficient overall traffic flow possible. When properly timed, a traffic signal increases the traffic handling capacity of an intersection, and when installed under conditions that justify its use, a signal is a valuable device for improving the safety and efficiency of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. In particular, signals may reduce certain types of accidents, most notably, right-angle (broadside) collisions.
1.7 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a 4-way traffic lighting system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a 4-way traffic lighting system were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a 4-way traffic lighting system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on ""the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control were reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ""the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of ""the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ""the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "the design and implementation of a microcontroller based four – way traffic light control" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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