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Abbreviations
CPD: Cephalo-Pelvic Disproportion;
EOC: Emergency Obstetrics Care; 
FANC: Focused Antenatal Care;
HCW: Health Care Workers;
iMMR: Institutional Maternal Mortality Ratio;
LGA: Local Government Area;
MDG: Millennium Development Goals;
MDR: Maternal Death Review;
MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate;
MPDSR: Maternal, Perinatal Deaths Surveillance and Response;
NDHS: National Demographic and Health Survey;
TBAs: Traditional Births Attendants;
WHO: World Health Organization;
WRA: Women of Reproductive Age
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
2. BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JOS NORTH
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
7. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
8. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
9. DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. REVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. CAUSES OF MATERNAL MORTALITY IN NIGERIA
3. REDUCING MATERNAL MORTALITY IN NIGERIA
4. CARE ETHICS AS A HEALTH CARE PRACTICE IN NIGERIA
5. STATE OF MATERNAL, NEW BORN AND CHILD HEALTH IN NIGERIA
6. KEY INTERVENTIONS TO CURBING MATERNAL AND CHILD MORTALITY

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

1. STUDY AREA
2. THE STUDY POPULATION
3. STUDY DESIGN
4. SAMPLING METHOD
5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
6. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
7. STUDY VARIABLES
8. ETHICAL APPROVAL
9. DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR

1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2. RESULTS
3. DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE

1. CONCLUSION
2. RECOMMENDATION
3. REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
1.1                                           BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Maternal and child mortality are not new concepts in the social and medical sciences. They both pose serious threats to human survival especially in the future generations. It is a saying, that the future of any society depends on the health condition of the women and the young population. The sustenance of the society and the economy largely depends on these two groups to this end, their health and security is of utmost importance so as to avert feelings of sadness, depression and loss of lives. According to Myles (1953);
The maternal mortality rate is the number of death registered during year of women dying from cause attributed to pregnancy and child birth for 1,000 registered total (life and still births) in the year while infant/child mortality rate is the number of deaths registered during the year of age per 1,000 registered births in the year.
This is to say that maternal mortality is simply deaths resulting from complications during pregnancy, labour delivery or child birth, while infant/child mortality can be any death occurring under one year or five years of age.
The tenth international classification of diseases (ICD) of year on the other hand, defined maternal death as;
The death of a woman while pregnant or within the days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy from any cause related to, or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not form accidental or incidental causes.
Similarly, the America Medical Association (1954) defines maternal mortality rate as:
The death of a woman while she is pregnant or within 90 days of termination of the pregnancy irrespective of duration of pregnancy at the time of termination or regardless of the method by which is terminated. (p. 4).
Apart from the death rate being recorded due to malaria fever of both pregnant women and children, it was reported on the Africa Independent Television (AIT) on the 6th August 2007 at the 8:00pm news that Nigeria spends over 130 billion naira on malaria control. Alubo (1997) opined that:
Women in Nigeria suffer from all kinds of ailment and ill conditions and run the risk of sudden deaths in child birth. The main causes of this sudden death in child birth are obstructed labour, uterine infection, anaemia, ectopic pregnancy and cepsis etc.
These complications according to Alubo (1997) account for maternal mortality during labour and after child birth. All the factors by Alubo, as well as the previous presentations of the concept under study revealed that women suffer undue hardship during and after pregnancy. To put it right, many factors and complications can lead to maternal and child mortality as stated all through but of interest is the impact of poverty on maternal and child mortality and it is of sociological importance to identify how poverty affect the health of the mother and the child and the definite responses of government.

1.2                        BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF JOS NORTH
Jos North area council shares its boundaries with Jos South Local Government Area in the south and East, Bassa Local Government Area in the West and Turo Local Government Area of Bauchi State in the North.
Jos North metropolis is made up of one district; Gwong and fourteen (14) wards, namely Abba Na Shehu, Ibrahim Kashim, Jos Jarawa, Gangere, Vandapuye, Tafawa Belewa, Jenta Apata, Jenta Adamu, Garba Dawo, Dalhatu, Alikazaure Sarkin Arab, Tudun Wada, Kabong Naraguta “A” and Naraguta “B”. According to its geographical location, Jos is about four hundred (400) feet above sea level and temperature sometimes goes near freezing point. Rainfall usually occurs between April to October yearly. The month of December, January and February are particularly very cold due to dry wind of the harmattan, as well as its latitude and hilly nature. It is also on table land and its vegetation is characterized by scattered forest reserves and farmlands. However, Jos is a built up area, but some of its inhabitants areas are surrounded by hills, the temperature nature of Jos makes tourism a potential industry.

1.3                                                  PROBLEM STATEMENT
Maternal and child mortality as earlier mentioned above are not strange problems in our society. They are as old as human existence but the trend and pattern varies across generations and socio-economic lines. In this work however, the researcher is interested in unfolding the link between poverty (socio-economic status) in the family with maternal and child mortality.  Death of mothers and children are painful experiences that affect families and also have it’s toll on the society and the economy.
Maternal and child mortality is not an uncommon event in several parts of the developing world. Mothers and children are at highest risk for disease and death. While motherhood is often a possible and fulfilling experience for too many women, it is associated with ill-health and even death (Olatoye, 2009). The death of a woman during pregnancy, labor or peuriperium is a tragedy that carries a huge burden of grief and pain, and has been described as a major public health problem in developing countries. Women have an enormous impact on their families’ welfare. Deaths of infant/children under five are peculiar and closely related to maternal health. One million children die each year because their mother died, and the risk of death of children less than five years doubles if mothers die in child birth. More than 25,000 children die everyday and every minute a woman dies in child birth. Worldwide, every year about 500,000 women die due to child birth and over 9 million children under age five die mostly from preventable and  diseases. (WHO, 2003).
Available evidence indicates that Africa accounts for the highest burden of mortality among women and children in the world (Udofia and Okonofua, 2000; Prata. Et al, 2008).
In the light of the above, the researcher, who is a social work student of University of Jos,  a woman and a mother who  has observed with keen interest, over the years the prevalence of the above situation in Jos North area of Plateau state on how mother and children die of this preventable situation and has therefore, embarked on the research using Plateau State Specialist Hospital has her resource/data collection base.
Armstrong and Roystone (1990) asserted that:
The most easily recognized factors responsibly for maternal and child mortality are the women age and the
number of her previous pregnancy. These factors to them are not limited to developed countries societies alone, but have confined to exist even in developed countries and report shows that teenage marriage is widespread in developing countries which may result in maternal death or other damage as a result of child birth such as VVF (i.e., Vesico Vagina Festula).  Women in developing countries run the  risk much more, since they bear more children than women in the developed world.
Putting the observation of both authors in critical analysis, some of factors responsible for maternal and child mortality are not peculiar to developing countries where most of its population are poor but continue to exist even in developed countries. (Alubo, 1997; Armstrong and Roystone  1990).
1.4                                                   RESEARCH QUESTION
There arose questions in relation to this research and getting answers to them will be beneficial to humanity and they are;

1. What is the relationship between poverty and mortality rate in women and children
2. What are the other factors responsible for children and maternal mortality?
3. What is the level of awareness of the residents on maternal mortality and family planning?
4. Are there policies of government towards the reduction of maternal and child mortality rates?
5. How effective are government policies in addressing the problem of maternal and child mortality?

1.5                                                  RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
           Objectives of the study
The general objective of this research is to analyze the impact of poverty on maternal and child mortality in Jos North Local Government Area and the specific objectives are:
Specific Objectives

1. To find out the rate at which poverty affects women and children’s health status.
2. To find out factors responsible for the incidence of death in women of reproductive age and children below 1 year.
3. To find out the level of awareness of Jos North citizens on family planning.
4. To find out the level of the prevalence of maternal and child mortality among Jos north residence.
5. To make recommendations to the appropriate authority on how to make maternal and child mortality among Jos North residence

     1.6                                            RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
According to Osuala (2001), “Hypotheses are conjectural statement of the relationship between two or more variables”. They are guide to the investigator in the entire process of research on the main study. In fact, hypotheses are generally useful guides to effective research. Hypothesis formulation goes hand in hand with the selection of a research problem. The hypothesis for this research is as follows:
Ho1:  There is a relationship between socio-economic status in maternal and child mortality.
Ho2:  The health of mother and child is largely dependent on their socio-economic status.
1.6                                           SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Basically, this study will help residents in Jos North Local Government learn  preventive measures on maternal and child mortality. It will also help policy makers and authorities of Plateau State Government improve on development programmes thereby taking adequate steps towards reducing and alleviating maternal and child death in our society. It is also intended and desired that it will enable medical officials and expectant mothers to embark on preventive measures against such mortality.
Furthermore, this study will equip men with the necessary information concerning infant, and maternal mortality in the society such that they will begin to provide more and adequate care for their wives, mothers and children (both born and unborn). These ones represent the future of the society.
1.7                                SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study is basically centered on Jos North Local Government Area. It is aimed at determining the magnitude damage poverty has done on the lives of women of reproductive age during child birth and death of children between 0-1 year.

1.8                                                  DEFINITION OF TERMS
Impact: The advanced learner’s dictionary puts it as “to have strong impression or effect on e.g., the economy. Also, a significant or strong influence. Here, we are determining the effect/influence of poverty on mother and child mortality.
Poverty: The absence of those needs necessary for human survival. The new encyclopedia Britannica volume 9, Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica 2003. It is also a major barrier to human development. Poverty can also defined as the situation of people whose “resources (material, social and cultural) are so limited as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life in the countries where they live. (Defining poverty, http://www.anglicare.com)
Maternal: Maternal means a mother, related through the mother’s side of the family. (Advanced Learners Dictionary).
Child: children, a young person birth to the age of 7 full physical development, a boy or a girl; a child of size. (Advanced Learners Dictionary).
Mortality: Means death and dying, the irreversible caesarian of life and the imminent approach of death. (Encarta – Encyclopedia 2002).

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "the incidence of maternal and child mortality" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "the incidence of maternal and child mortality" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "the incidence of maternal and child mortality" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "the incidence of maternal and child mortality" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "the incidence of maternal and child mortality" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

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