THERMAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SELECTED MATERIALS USED AS CEILING IN BUILDING
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This work investigates the thermal properties of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Plaster of Paris (POP), asbestos, and cardboard commonly used as ceiling materials. The steady state method for Lee’s disc apparatus was employed to determine these thermal properties which include, thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal absorptivity and density. The obtained results of thermal conductivity showed that, POP ceiling has the highest value of 0.1314 while card board has the least value of 0.0851 where as PVC (0.1083) and asbestos (0.1068) fall in between them. Also the results of thermal conductivity of this research ranged from (0.08510.1314w) which corresponds to the previous work of the researchers. Hence all these materials are good insulators. The thermal resistivity of these
ceiling samples showed that, the card board ceiling has highest value of 11.7509 |
, while |
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POP has the least value of 7.6103 |
, the asbestos value (9.3633 |
) and PVC value |
||||||
(9.2336 |
) fall in between them. The results of the ceiling samples for thermal diffusivity |
|||||||
showed that PVC ceiling has the highest value of |
|
) while asbestos ceiling |
||||||
has the least value of 6.0 x |
|
), where the POP value of |
1.20 x |
|
) and card |
|||
board value of 8.0 |
|
) fall in between them. Also results of |
thermal absorptivity of |
|||||
these ceiling materials |
showed that, the card board ceiling has the highest thermal absorptivity |
|||||||
of 21.319 |
while |
PVC |
has the least thermal absorptivity of |
7.573 |
, where the POP |
|||
(17.407 |
) and asbestos ( 15.070 |
) fall in between them. The density results of these |
||||||
ceiling materials were showed that, the POP has the highest density value of |
|
979.84 kg/m3 |
||||||
while the P V C has the least density value of 203.59 kg/m3, where the asbestos ( 824.13kg/m3) and card board (645.81 kg/m3) densities value fall in between them. The results obtained showed based on comparison that, PVC and asbestos may be better materials for building insulation since they have better thermal efficiency. Card board among the samples used was found to have the least thermal efficiency base on the comparison where as POP falls in between them. Thus, this research may provide guide for many users of the materials.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Energy studies require the knowledge of the value of many thermophysical properties. Values of these properties for a variety of substances and materials are available [Eckert et al, 2019]. However, for new materials which appear regularly, it is important to be familiar with some basic methods of measuring these properties.
Thermal conductivity is a physical property of materials which is of great importance in physics and engineering. Unlike some physical properties, however, thermal conductivity cannot be directly measured. To determine a material thermal conductivity, intermediate quantities must be determined from which the conductivity may be ultimately calculated [Vasudeva, 2011].
Ceiling materials are overhead interior surfaces that can cover the upper limits of the room. They are not generally considered as structural element but finished surfaces concealing the underside of room structure or the floor of store above.
In Nigeria, the use of zinc made roofs without ceilings are very common, thus there is intense heat transfer to the internal environment, which may cause thermal discomfort to the inhabitants (Etuk et al., 2007). One way to reduce the thermal discomfort is by the use of radiant barrier (i.e. ceilingboard) which reduce the heat flux.
However, the knowledge of thermal properties of different materials is very important in the choice of the types of materials to be used as a radiant barrier since the heat flow through any building depends on the thermal properties of the materials use in the building (Etuk et al., 2007).
The study of the thermal properties of materials will help us to know whether materials are suitable to use as Ceiling materials in our houses, school and industries.
Heat propagated in the interior spaces in buildings through roofs and walls and partly through Ceiling panels by the process of conduction and radiation (George et al., 2010). This is because the common materials used as roofing sheets are materials like zinc and aluminum which have high thermal conductivities (Michael et al, 2012).
To reduce the intensity of this heat, there is need to use materials of tolerable thermal responses as ceiling materials in buildings.
Good insulating materials will have high value of thermal resistivity. This implies that, different type of ceiling materials will have different thermal behaviors.
Insulator is a material or devised used to inhibit or prevent the conduction of heat or electricity (Gesa et al., 2014). Proper selection of insulating materials is based on their thermal properties whichinclude: the thermal conductivity, thermal absorptivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity (Gesa et al 2014). The primarily function of insulator in buildings are: To conserve energy, to reduce heat loss or heat gain, to maintain a temperature condition, to maintain the effective operation of equipment or chemical reaction, to assist in maintaining product at constant temperature, to prevent condensation, to create comfortable environmental condition and protect personnel. Insulation reduces heat transfer through the envelope in building. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat flows naturally from a warmer space to a cooler space. To maintain comfort in winter (the coldest season of the year), the heat lost must be replaced by the heating system; and in summer (the warmest season of the year), the heat gained must be removed by the cooling system. Therefore, it makes sense to study the thermal properties of insulator in order to reduce gains or loss of energy in buildings and to increase comfortable condition in houses, schools and industries.
Novo et al, (2010) justified that, the thermal insulation is provided by embedding insulation materials at least on the roof areas and the vertical walls of the systems. Insulating materials are
usually made in various types with different design which lead them to categorize in to good and bad insulators on their properties.
In this work, emphasis is laid on the study and comparison of thermal properties of some selected materials which include PVC (polyvinylchloride), POP (plaster of Paris), asbestos and cardboard used as ceilings in buildings. Depending on how large or small the value of their thermal properties, a particular ceiling materials may be more efficient in terms of thermal insulation than another (George et al., 2010).
Observation showed that in this present competitive world, people that are economically favored usually go for the most costly ceiling materials without any preference to the thermal insulation efficiency of such materials. It is based on this observation that this work is designed to investigate and compare the thermal properties of the most frequently used ceiling materials for efficient thermal insulation. This will determine the suitability of one ceiling material to another in order to have comfortable thermal condition in buildings.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this project is, to measure the thermal properties of some material used as ceiling in building and to compare the values of each of them for thermal efficiency. These materials include PVC, POP, and ASBESTOS, CARDBOARD.
The objective of the project include,
- To measure their thermal absorptivity
- To measure their thermal diffusivities.
- To measure their thermal conductivity and determine their thermal resistivity.
- To calculate the density of each four sample.
1.3 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
Achieving the set objectives of this work will enable us to have adequate knowledge of materials which are more suitable for thermal insulation.
The results may be sufficient to tell us the efficiency of these materials. Thus, it will be important to create awareness to the general public, on which of the materials to go for, while constructing buildings in order to get maximum thermal comfort.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The research is focused on the study of thermal properties of some materials used as ceilings in buildings. The materials in consideration include P V C, POP, asbestos and cardboard. The thermal properties of interest include thermal conductivity, thermal resistivity, thermal radiation, thermal absorptivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and density.
Due to time and financial constraints, the research will not go beyond this scope.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary and conclusion of this research. A detailed recommendation is given at the end of this chapter.
5.1 SUMMARY
This research was focused on measuring the thermal property of some selected materials used as ceiling in building. Some of these thermal parameters include thermal conductivity, resistivity, diffusivity, absorptivity. Generally speaking, there are numbers of procedure in measure thermal conductivity, each of them being suitable for limited range of materials, depending on the thermal properties and the medium temperature. The most commonly used methods are Lee- Charlton’s disc method and Lee’s disc method, for good and poor conductors of heat respectively, but this research was limited only to the use of lee’s disc apparatus method.
Having use the instruments like lee’s disc machine apparatus, digital electronic weighing balance, micrometer screw gauge, Vanier caliper, stop watch and thermometers respectively, The results of thermal conductivity of all ceiling samples materials showed that, the POP ceiling has highest value
of 0.1314 |
while the card board has the least value of 0.0851 |
, where the P V C |
|
(0.1083 |
) and asbestos (0.1068 |
) fall in between them. Also the results of thermal |
|
resistivity of all ceiling samples showed that, the thermal resistivity of card board ceiling has highest
value of 11.7509 (9.3633 ) and
while POP has the least value of 7.6103
P V C value (9.2336 )fall in between them.
, where the asbestos value
Theoretically, a substance with a highest thermal conductivity value is a bad insulator while one with a least thermal conductivity value is a good insulator. In order words a good insulator materials will have high resistivity value for thickness other than 1m.
The results of thermal diffusivity of P V C were showed that, the P V C has the highest value
of ) x while asbestos has the least value of 0.60 ) x , the pop with value of 1.20 ) x and card board with value of 0.80 ) x fall in between them. Also results of thermal absorptivity of these ceiling materials showed that, the card board ceiling has the highest thermal absorptivity of 21.319 while P V C has the least thermal absorptivity of 7.573 , where the POP (17.407 ) and asbestos (15.070 ) fall in between them.
5.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, thermal conductivity of four ceiling samples under this investigation were ranged
from ( ).The results obtained corresponded to the results of previous
researchers, which showed that, all the materials samples in this research are good insulating
materials since their thermal conductivities fall within the range conductivities of construction and
heat-insulating materials ( ) according to Twidell and Mahhrer, (1982) and Weir, (1990) as cited in Emmanuel et al.,(2016).
If we come to classify ceiling materials base on the ceiling materials with good or best thermal efficiency in building, then we can consider the thermal absorptivity for clarifications. Hence, the P V C and asbestos have the lower absorptivity value and the followed by POP, where the card board
41
has the highest value of thermal absorptivity. Therefore, the P V C and asbestos are the best ceiling insulating materials in building with best thermal efficiency and then followed with P O P, where the least ceiling materials best on thermal efficiency in building is card board.
Lastly, we can says that, the lower the thermal absorptivity value irrespective of lower or higher of thermal diffusivity portrays a good thermal insulation efficiency of ceiling materials in building.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
- The builders should concentrate more on the insulator with good thermal efficiency when they come to the selection of ceiling materials in building.
- Best on the experience gained in this research, I suggest P V C ceiling as the best ceiling insulators materials in building.
- I recommended the Management of Federal University Dutsin-Ma to modernize the lecture classes that having ceiling which is not good in terms of thermal efficiency, and to stop using them purposely for the benefit of the student.
- People should switch from going to the most highly cost ceiling materials in building to the one with good thermal efficiency.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"thermal properties of some selected materials used as ceiling in building"consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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