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Construction has been known as an everlasting activity across the globe. Likewise, the problem of delay inthe construction industry is a global phenomenon. There are several reasons that may beresponsible for delay during construction, these reasonsmay vary from place to place andsuch delays can be reduced to the minimum when its causes are identified. This studyconsidered the major causes and effects of delay in the execution of construction projects inLagos State, Nigeria. Using literatures, a total number of 30 causes of constructiondelays were identified. Purposive sampling technique was used to select sixty respondentsfor the survey. The respondents comprise twenty-two (22) clients, eighteen consultants (18)and twenty (20) contractors. The analyses of the primary data revealed that the three mostimportant causes of delay in construction projects in Lagos State Nigeria are poorsitemanagementandsupervision,contractorinexperienceandclient’sfinancialdifficulties. Based on the findings of this study, recommendations were given on how thecausesandeffectsofdelay inconstructioncanbe mitigated.

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                           INTRODUCTION
1.1                              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Ever since the dawn of civilization, man has indulged in some form of construction activity.In most countries, construction activity constitutes 6-9% of the gross domestic product(GDP) and more than half of the fixed capital formation as infrastructure and public utilitiesrequired for economic development (Chitkara, 2019). Like most developing countries suchas Saudi Arabia, Libya and Malaysia, a major criticism faced by the Nigerian constructionindustry is the growing rate of delay in project delivery (Assaf, Alkhalil and Al-Hazmi,2015;Saleh,2019andYong,2018).MajorityoftheconstructionprojectsinNigeriaexperience delays which in turn lead to disputes, arbitration, litigation and sometimes thetotalabandonmentofthe project.
In construction, the term “delay” refers to something happening at a later time than planned,expected and specified in a contract or beyond the date agreed upon for the delivery of aproject (Pickavance, 2015). Research has shown that timely delivery of projects withinbudget and to the level of quality standard specified by the client is an index of successfulprojectdelivery(ChanandKumaraswamy,2014).TheinvestigationofOdeyinkaandYusuf (2017) shows that seven out of ten projects surveyed in housing projects in Nigeriasuffered delay in their execution. The motivatingfactor for this study is the needforawareness on the causes and the effects of these delays on construction projects in Lagos,South-West Nigeria. The study area represents an area of rapid construction developmentobservedinthenumberofon-goingprojectsinthecity.Thequestionofhowtheproblemofdelayscanbe solved are consideredand addressedinthisstudy.
The paper will provide insight and understanding into the causesof delays occasionedbythe main project players: clients, contractors and consultants. It is expected that findingsfrom this study will guide efforts to improve the performance of construction industry inadditiontoprovidingbetterwaysandmethodsofdeliveringconstructionprojectsbyminimizing the major causes of delay and consequently, its effects. Construction projectsinvestigatedinthisstudyincludeadministrativebuildings,schoolbuildings,medicalcentres, communication facilities and civil engineering projects. The target respondents forthe study are the principal actors in the Lagos construction industry namely: the clients,consultantsandcontractors.
Therefore,improving construction efficiency by means of cost effectiveness and timeliness wouldcertainlycontributetocostsavingforthecountryasawhole.
1.2      PROBLEM STATEMENT / JUSTIFICATION
According to Mogbo (2014), construction is being used to control the economies of nations; itisalwaysstronglyrelatedtopolitics,economics,sociologyandthelegalframework.Politicalcontributioninconstructionplanningisobligatoryinthecurrentworlddemocracies. Construction cannot grow in a weak and docile economy. Construction cannotfeature where there is social distress and social instability. Hillebrandt,(2015) stated that in developed counties construction is considered unique hence it canstimulate the growth of other industrial sectors. However looking at the growth of theconstructionindustryintermsofitscontributiontoGDPinisolationissomewhatmisleading because of the crucial roles played by the construction industry.
Project delays have been one of the most prevailing problems in construction projects in Lagos state. This can result to construction abandonment of the project, variation on the scope, bankrupt of the parties, death of the client, fluctuation in price of materials, frustration and disillusionment, and substantial increase in building project cost are the effect experienced by delay in construction industry in Lagos state. Therefore, this work seeks to proffer solution to the problem by identifying the causes of project delay and possible means of managing it to achieving an earlier project delivery in the construction industry
1.3      RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this study is to identify the impact of delays on project delivery in Nigeria construction industry. Appropriate strategies to control delays and develop a guide him of information management for prevention and control are also covered in this work.
The objectives of this research work are:  

• Toidentifythemajor causesofdelayinNigeriaconstruction industry.
• Toidentifytheeffectsofdelayinconstruction projects.
• To evaluate the rate and effect of delay in completion of construction projects in Nigeria.
• To identify the factors that lead to project delay
• To propose a mitigation strategy for improving and achieving construction project based on the outcomes of the study.
• Torecommend strategiesforimprovingprojectdeliverybased on thefindings ofthestudy.
•       RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The hypotheses that need to be proved or disapproved are as follows:
H1: Delay has a great impact on the massive project failures in Nigeria.
H2: Well-developed mitigation strategy could help minimize delay and failure in Construction Projects in Nigeria  

•   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions to be addressed in this work include:

• What are the major factors responsible for delays and subsequent desertion of construction projects in Nigeria?
• What factors influence time overrun in construction projects in Nigeria?
• What is the rate and influence of delay in construction project in Nigeria?
• What are the proposed solutions for project delays and failure in Nigeria Construction Industry?
• What are the effects of delay?
• What are the various causes for delays in project?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It has been observed that most contracts in Nigeria has its inability to keep to the targeted contracted period of time and it all turns out in the increment of stipulated period and associated excessive cost maximization thereby causing unwanted and unnecessary delay.
The purpose of this research work, this is significant in that it has given the researcher challenges and opportunity to conduct an in-dept study of the subject. This act could be sourced from either of the party involved in the contracts, which could turn to be due to the negligence of fulfilling the obligations awarded to either of them. Furthermore, the impacts of the causes of the delays of these construction projects have to be known and solutions identify in other to minimize it, if possible rectify the faults.
1.7 SCOPE OFTHE STUDY
This study appraises delays and it impacts on project delivery in construction industry, and more especially in the Nigeria context. This is with the view of finding solutions and making constructive proposals to rectifying, minimizing and finding a long costing reduction for the future efficient project execution. Research work in project construction delays generally will be very voluminous and this would mean researching into all aspect and methods of contract procurement. I therefore hope that all the detailed information required to achieve my aim and objectives of
this project has been accomplished.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
During the course of carrying out this study, the researchers encountered the following under listed problems

• The limitation was the unwillingness of some respondent to complete the questionnaire administered. This is because of the fear that such information may lead to their superior.
• The lean financial position of the researchers also contributed to the limitation of this study.
• The time limit for this research also contribute a serious constraint to the production of a full scale report, though study of this nature will need comparison with many of such settlements within and outside the study area so as to give a sound judgment and recommendation

CHAPTER FIVE
    5.1                  Conclusion/Recommendations
This research study was conducted to examine the causes of delays in construction projects in Lagos. The effects of these delays were also considered. It can be concluded from this study that there is a general relationship between the perception of clients, consultants and contractors on the importance of factors causing delay in building construction projects in Lagos. The major causes of delays in Lagos construction projects are poor site management and supervision, inadequate contractors’ experience and clients’ financial difficulties. The major effects of delays found in this study are time over-run, cost over-run and dispute. The recommendations below are to be adopted for this research. They have been divided into three groups and are made to all parties involved in construction in order to minimize and control delay:

Recommendations to Clients

1. Clients should select contractors with sufficient experience, technical capability and man-power for their projects, and not base their selection on lowest bid considerations only
2. Clients should not interfere frequently during the project execution so as to reduce the changes to requirements.
   

1. Clients should pay progress payment to contractors on time as delay in payment impairs the contractor’s ability to carry out work.

Recommendations to Consultants

1. Consultants, while drawing the contract between client and contractor, should include items such as duration of contract, mechanism to resolve disputes and mechanisms to assess the causes of delay.
2. Consultants should prepare, review and approve drawings and design documents on time because any delay caused by the consultant engineer in checking, reviewing and approving the design submittals prior to construction phase, could delay progress of work.
3. Consultants should monitor the work closely by making inspections at appropriate times and be flexible in evaluating contractor works.

Recommendations to Contractors

1. Contractors should not take up a project in which they do not have sufficient expertise.
2. Contractors should engage competent site-managers for smooth execution of work.
3. Contractors should plan their work properly and make the entire schedule available.
4. Contractors should provide enough equipment to execute their work and also have a maintenance plan for their equipment to prevent frequent breakdowns.

Recommendations for future studies

Similar study on causes and effects of delay can be performed in other states or cities of Nigeria. Another study can be done for a specific type of construction project, such as utility projects, highway construction projects, dam construction projects, etc.

Biographical note. Mr. Alade, K, T., Dr. A. F. Lawal, and Mr. A. A. Omonori are lecturers in the Department of Project Management Technology, and Barrister (Dr.) E. N. Olowokere is a lecturer in the Department of Business Administration, the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. Dr, A. F. Lawal is A Registered Builder and a Reader, Dr.E. N. Olowokere is a Senior Lecturer, while Messrs K. T. Alade and A. A. Omonori are Assistant Lecturers.

 

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