USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG STUDENTS OF LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC
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The use of social media by undergraduates cannot be overemphasized. Social media sites are online networking applications that is used for interactions by one, two or more people in a place or an organisation. The purpose of this study is to determine the usage of social media sites by undergraduate students of and it is also to determine the extent to which social media influences the learning process of undergraduates’ students of Lagos State Polytechnic, it will also show the extent to which social media influences their communication skills and How they get relevant information from the social media. The study employed the use of structured questionnaire containing 18 items to elicit the responses of the sampled population of 150 undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic. The data gathered from the questionnaire was subject to statistical analysis using frequency and mean for the data analysis.The findings from the analysis showed that the research questions were satisfactorily answered. The conclusions drawn from the study is that Social media has very positive influence on undergraduate learning process, Social media has very positive influence on undergraduate information acquisition, Social media has very positive influence on undergraduate communication skills.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
DECLARATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF TABLE viii
ABSTRACT ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 8
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 9
RESEARCH QUESTIONS 10
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10
SCOPE OF THE STUDY 11
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS 12
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
MEDIA SYSTEMS DEPENDENCY THEORY 14
SOCIAL MEDIA 16
CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL MEDIA 18
SOCIAL NETWORKING 22
DANGERS ASSOCIATED WITH USING SOCIAL MEDIA SITES 30
SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES COMMONLY USED BY STUDENTS 32
SOCIAL MEDIA- A TOOL FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 36
CHALLENGES OF USING SOCIAL MEDIA 38
EMPIRICAL REVIEW 41
LITERATURE REVIEW 47
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS
RESEARCH DESIGN 49
POPULATION SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES 49
INSTRUMENTATION 50
PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION 51
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS 51
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS
ANSWERING RESEARCH QUESTIONS 52
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 58
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 60
CONCLUSIONS 62
RECOMMENDATIONS 62
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES 63
REFERENCES 61
APPENDIX 66
LIST OF TABLES
Table1: Categories of Social media 18
Table2: Positive Influence of Social networking on students 29
Table3: Negative Influence of Social networking on students 32
Table4: Frequency of Social media usage 52
Table5: Social media usage 53
Table6: Social media influence on learning processes of undergraduate students 55
Table7: Effects of social media on information acquisition 56
Table8: Effects of social media on communication skills 57
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the study
For many years, educators and researchers have explored which variables influence students’ achievement. In Nigeria, as policymakers are becoming more involved in learning outcome, this quest becomes more intensive as continuing attempts are on course on the influence of several teacher-related factors on students’ academic performance. Ajayi (2007) notes that characteristics of teachers in term of their attitude to work, level of job satisfaction and quality teaching skills and academic qualifications acquired are germane to students’ achievement. Patrick (2005) reiterates that the important role of teachers in students learning is unquestionable. Teachers have a lot of influence on their classroom practices hence; they should possess as well as apply specific abilities without which their influence may not reflect in their students’ performance, particularly in the subjects taught by them. For students to make connection between what is taught in school in real life, must be professional, having sufficient teaching skills.
Better performance in teaching exercises, is a function of acquired skills in teaching. Hence, students are expected to acquire teaching skills before they graduate. It is inevitable that they will experience difficulties in their future teaching endeavors. Today’s students and educators live in the world of Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp and YouTube. These and many other social networking and social media applications are part of the so-called Social Web (i.e., Web 2.0), best characterized by the notions of social interaction, content sharing, and collective intelligence. In addition, today’s students, often referred to as digital natives (Prensky, 2001), have spent most of their time on computers, game consoles, digital music players, video cameras, cell phones, as well as the Web itself. Being used to constant engagement and multitasking in their day-to-day activities, students need a high level of social and creative engagement in learning. Traditional teaching approaches favoring passive content consumption, therefore, are no longer applicable and have to be substituted, or at least complemented, with highly interactive learning processes.
Adediwura andBada (2007) further opine that teachers should be aware of the importance of communication in Education. They must also realize that all students have different level of strengths and weakness. It is only through communication that an individual can introduce creative and effective solutions to the problems of the students. Thus, a teacher must possess so that they interact properly with the students-positive motivation; this is one of the important things that a teacher must possess. In a class, students always have different kinds of tastes and preferences over subjects. So it is the job of the teacher to create enthusiasm and interest in the minds of the students towards a subject. It is also a teacher’s role to remove any fear and inhibitions that a student may have towards a subject. Another communication skill is effective body language. This is the most powerful communication skill that a teacher must possess. Good presentation skills include a powerful body language supported by verbal skills. This can create a long lasting impression in the minds of the students. Thus, a teacher will inevitably become more interactive and interesting for the students. Besides, a teacher should maintain the volume, tone and rhythm for their voice during a lecture. Still on teaching skills, the focus for each lesson is an integral part of the learning objective teachers decide on. Therefore, the focus skill should be directly related to the structure or vocabulary that teachers are teaching and the context that is being used in. for example, if teachers want to teach polite language for business situations, a person might use polite language when meeting a client, which would be a spoken interaction, or perhaps when sending an email, which would be a written correspondence. Furthermore, it is particularly important to focus on the speaking or writing skills, even though listening and reading respectively would be used in those scenarios, because if a person hears or reads polite language without learning them, they are likely to still be able to understand the message being sent. However, if one tries to send a message in a business context and does not know how to use polite language, then they might potentially commit a faux pas or even cause offence, of course, practicing speaking and writing with polite language will naturally lead to better recognition of the same when reading and also listening (Adediwura&Bada, 2007).
Among the skills required for successful teaching and learning is feedback skill. It helps learners to maximize their potential at different stages of training, raise their awareness of strengths and areas for improvement, and identify actions to be taken to improve performance. Feedback can be seen as informal (for example in day-to-day encounters between teachers and students or trainees, between peers or between colleagues) or formal (for example as part of written or clinical assessment). However, there is no sharp dividing line between assessment and training in the area of giving feedback on learning. Feedback is part of overall dialogue or interaction between teacher and learner, not a one-way communication. Questioning skills are essential to good teaching. Teachers often use questions to ensure that the students are attentive and engaged, and to assess students understanding. What is more important to note is that in addition to the intent of the question, the question itself matters. For instance, to ensure that students are attentive (Tartari, 2015). Tartari (2015) believes that closure is the skill in micro-teaching exercise. Closure is the skill that is concerned with bringing the lesson to an end, and the teacher summarizes the major points of the lesson. Closure skill can take various forms or shapes such as; closure by questioning on the major points of the lesson and closure by giving pupils exercises. Tartari (2015) therefore concludes that the last teaching skills that undergraduates’ student position on the level of understanding the lesson that has been taught. Thus, teaching skills have been reported in the literatures to be affected by many factors, in which social media networking is part.
As the world has become a global village because of the technological advancement in the world and Nigeria in particular (Alabi, 2008; Kayode&Ojo, 2011); mobile teaching and learning (M-Learning) in recent years has become a valuable and real contribution to learning environment rather than what it used to be in previous years as a theory, academic exploration and technological idea. (Alzaza&Yaakub, 2011).
Farzana, Mushahid andMahe (2010) and Oluwatoyin (2011) have shown that students have turned to the use of social media as their primary means of communication, so much that when they use e-Library, they soon forget their purpose of going online and start updating their status on social networking sites. Farzana, Mushahid and Mahe (2010) sought information from 95 Universities students on purpose of using social media. It was found that most of them frequently use these social media for making friends but rarely used them for academic purposes. The use of social media applications such as-WhatsApp, Facebook, 2go, Myspace, Eskimi and others is generating a lot of controversies in public domain particularly in respect of the usefulness and dysfunctional effects. Akindehin and Akindehin (2011) comment on Social networking can sometimes result in negative outcomes, some with long-term consequences, Bryer andZavattaro (2011) note that over 65% of American adults use social media for networking likewise youths (including tertiary institutions students) all over the world get indulged with social media as useful as easy way of communicating with their loved ones and colleagues. Sim and Pop (2014) asserts that social networks or networking are the main application under the umbrella of social media, which comes with Web 2.0 era. It is the fastest growing web application in the 21st century. The wide nature applications like Wikis, video streaming and applications, and social media makes with over 955 million users, followed by Twitter with 500 million users (Sim&Pop, 2014). Social networking is an important factor that opened doors for remote access of educational material. Such phenomenon is called e-learning, where information communication technology (ICT) is used as a facilitator of communication, assignment management, and task collaboration in universities (Harb& Abu-Shanab 2009). Social media is a fairly new concept since almost nobody heard or used social media 10-15 years ago. Nevertheless, nowadays websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn have more than 1 billion users and account for almost 25% of internet users.
Social media is a phrase used to describe various websites or other forms of technology where people can connect and interact with one another and share information (Heyam,2014). As defined by Andreas and Michael (2013), social media is a group of internet-based applications that build on ideological and technical foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content. The definition of social media is the relationships that exists between network of people (Qingya, Wei & Yu,2011). Social media emerged as a term frequently used to describe different types of electronic communication platforms. The availability of high speed internet broadband connection with massive use of desktop computers, laptops, e-readers, tablets and smartphones enable millions of undergraduates to actively engage in social networking, text messaging, blogging, content sharing, online learning and much more.
Ezike (2014) defines social networking as platforms on which a range of activities take place, as well as locations for interaction among individuals, group and communities. He notes that majority of the social networking do a lot more than just allow students to have a profile and a friends list; they build upon and integrate many communication tools and technologies such as e-mail, messaging, video-sharing and photo sharing. On the various social networking people engage in a variety of activities. The mass appeal of the social networking which are virtual communities to the youths of the 21st century is a matter of concern as many students spend a lot of time online (Bolaji, Longe& Odefunso,2014).
Statement of the Problem
In spite of all measures put in place over the years by Nigerian government at the various levels to improve the academic performance of students at various levels of Education, stakeholders are still battling looking for antidote to continue decline in the standard of Education. In the attempt, the level of teacher professionalism in the classroom today has come under questioning. It is not clear whether the teachers who are the main hub of the system are adequately equipped with the appropriate information, communication and pedagogical skills requirement to meet the curricular challenges of today’s technology. Observations have shown that teacher trainees are not absolved of the blames.
Teachers have oftentimes been accused of getting indulged in networking on social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Twitter, etc. during school hours; the habit they claimed were learnt during their training to help improve their communication, writing, information acquisition. Although, opinions have shown that information and communication technology can enhance effective teaching, the extent at which social media can really solve this problem of poor teaching skills of teacher trainees becomes an issue that has not received significant attention. However, In the study conducted by Kayode, Alabi, Sofoluwe, and Oduwaiye (2015), there is low awareness or usage of social media sites for academic purpose by both lecturers and students.
This is what makes this study to empirically seek the usage of social media of undergraduates in Lagos State Polytechnic.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to examine the usage of social media of undergraduates in Lagos State Polytechnic.
Specifically, the study also aims at:
- identify the social media sites used by undergraduate students in Lagos State Polytechnic.
- ascertain the extent to which social media sites influence undergraduates learning process.
- determine the extent to which social media sites influence the acquisition of information by undergraduates Lagos State Polytechnic.
Research Questions
The following questions are raised for this study:
i. What are the various social media undergraduate students have access to?
ii. What are the social media used by undergraduate students in Lagos State Polytechnic?
iii. How does media influence the learning process of undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic?
iv. What is the extent of which undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnicget relevant information from social media
v. What is the relative effect of social media sites on the communication skills of undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic?
Significance of the Study
The study would be of immense benefits to the students and the administration of universities in Nigeria as it would show the usage of social media of Undergraduate students. This would help the students the students to know the benefits and the hazards connected to the social media.
Lagos State Polytechnicmanagement will also see the outcome of this study as a source of information that would assist in decision making as regard school resource provision.
Also, the study findings could be used by academic advisers and counsellors in proffering professional advice to the school authorities on how to regulate the social network usage among undergraduate students.
Lastly, the findings of this study would provide facts that will enable the ministry of communication technology to know what arises from students use of the social media networking sites. This will help the ministry to know how to control social network usage.
Scope of the Study
This study will examine social media usage among undergraduate students in Lagos State Polytechnic. Specifically, Facebook, Twitter, WhatsApp and online forums will be the forms of social media that this study seeks to cover. The study will examine the impact of the social media usage on the learning process of undergraduate students and it will also examine the extent to which social media influences the communication skills of undergraduate students, the study would also seek to examine the various impacts of social media both negative and positive impacts of the various social networking sites used by undergraduate students. The study will also examine the various social media sites that undergraduate students have access to and how often they use the social media sites and how it influences them both positively and negatively. The study will be conducted in Lagos State Polytechnic.
Operational Definitions of Terms
The following terms are defined in respects to the ways they were used in this study alphabetically:
Social Media: This refers to interactive communication or discussion between people on various networking sites such as WhatsApp, 2go, Facebook, Twitter, Google talk, Skype etc.
Undergraduates: This can be referred to a set of students studying for a first degree in a University/polytechnic.
Social media usage: This can be defined as the rate to which individuals make use of online interaction applications and also online search engines.
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the results, conclusions and recommendations based on the findings of the research.
Discussion of Results
This section gives detailed explanations on the various findings discovered from the research questions. For instance, the findings on what are the social media used by undergraduate students in Lagos State Polytechnic as indicated on Table 4 shows that Instagram is the most social media used by undergraduate students in Lagos State Polytechnic. This finding also supported that of Englander, Terregrossa and Wang (2010) who posited that social media is negatively associated with academic performance of student and is a lot more momentous than its advantages.
Meanwhile the analysis on how does social media influence the learning process of undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic as indicated in Table 6 revealed that social media moderately influence the learning process of undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic. This finding is in line with Khan (2009) who opined that social media users most often experience poor performance academically.
The findings on what is the extent of which undergraduate students of University of Ilorin get relevant information from social media on Table 7 shows that to high extent undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic get relevant information from social media. This finding is in consonance with the findings reported by Nelson (2012) opined that internet usage effect on social media that student continue to spend more time on the social media than any site. He went further to say that the total time spent in social media across mobile devices increased in July 2012 compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011.
Furthermore, the analysis on the impact of social media networking sites on your communication skill as indicated in Table 8 revealed that social media networking sites have high impact on your communication skill. This finding is in line with Minocha (2009) observed that social networking enhances a student’s sense of community, sharing and collaboration brings an additional responsibility and workload, which some students find inflexible and rather forced.
Based on the analyzed data, the following are the summary of the major findings of the study:
- Instagram was the most social media used by undergraduate students in Lagos State Polytechnic.
- Social media moderately influence the learning process of undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic.
- To high extent undergraduate students of Lagos State Polytechnic get relevant information from social media.
- Social media networking sites have high impact on your communication skill.
Conclusions
This study has demonstrated that the students in Lagos State Polytechnic are aware of the social media and have access to them. Findings also indicated that they are influenced to a great extent by the social media positively because they focus on chatting and music while their academic activities are neglected to suffer. A lot of benefits abound in the use of social media networks such as sharing information and ideas, improving reading skills etc. Despite the benefits that comes with the participation of students on social media, networks, its misuse could affect the academic life of the student and thereby their performance. Therefore, social media compete with academic work for students’ attention. It is therefore the responsibility of the student to make the right decision in relation to the use of social media network.
Recommendations
From the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations were made:
1. There is need for social media sites should be expanded and new pages should be created to enhance activities to avoid setbacks in the awareness of the usage.
2. Students should create a balance between chit-chatting and academic activities. More attention should be directed to research.
3. There should be a decrease in the number of time spent by students when surfing the net.
4. Students should be monitored by teachers and parents on how they use their site; this is to create a balance between social media and academic activities of students to avoid setbacks in the activities performance of the students.
5. Strict enforcement by the school authorities on electronic devices usage in schools, promotion of social media usage for academic purposes.
6. Counselling for addicted students and the use of the right grammar and spelling when participating on social media should be encouraged.
Suggestions for further studies
- Social media usage and counselling as a determinant of learning process of undergraduates in Lagos State Polytechnic.
- Influence of social media on academic performance in Lagos State Polytechnic.
- Social media networking sites and undergraduate skills acquisition in Lagos State Polytechnic.
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