USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" . Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.

---

TITLE PAGE

 

BY

---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

---

APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
---
External Invigilator

---

DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

---

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

---

PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "AA" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

---

Utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper has just been completed and the paper was produced from Nigerian groundnut husk using Kraft’s process for the fiber digestion and hand mould for the paper production. This was done by varying the optimization process time by 30, 60 and 90 minutes and the process temperature by 500C, 750C, and 100oC in a 3 x 3 factorial experimental design using groundnut husk as the raw material and chemicals such as Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by Mayer and Baker, Sodium sulphide (Na2S) by OEM manufacturers and Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) forming a solution of a total of 12.5% by weight solution. From this project report, it can be seen that at higher the temperatures and more the cooking time, the less the percentage fibre contained in the sample as it is shown on table 4.0 that the highest value for the percentage fibre occurred at 500C and for 30minutes and the value decreases as the temperature and cooking time increased expect for some slight changes due to human error such as error in taking the cooking time, error in keeping the temperature constant throughout the cooking time etc. during the conduction of experiment. Furthermore, from table 4.1 it can be deduced that paper was produced at a higher temperature of 1000C and the paper held properly although there was a less percentage fibre yield. And hence it can be concluded that at a cooking temperature of 1000C and above paper can be produced from groundnut husk using Kraft’s process. Therefore, for the successful completion of this project topic, it can be concluded that the production of paper locally from groundnut husk is possible using Kraft’s process and should be further researched into due to its importance as stated in this practical report at the Justification part.

TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………i
DECLARATION……………………………………………ii
CERTIFICATION…………………………………………..iii
DEDICATION………………………………………………iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………….v
ABSTRACT………………………………………………….vi
TABLE OF CONTENT.………………………………………. vii
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………. xi
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………ix
INTERPRETATION…………………………………………….X
CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………1
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….1
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY…………………………………….…………………………1
1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT……….………………………………………………………….2
1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………...2
1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY……………………………………………………2
1.5. JUSTIFICATION………………………………………………………3

CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………4
LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………....4
2.1. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF PAPER…………….……………4
2.2. DISCOVERY OF PAPER……………………………………………5
2.3. PAPER USAGE………………………………………………………5
2.4. RAW MATERIALS FOR MAKING PAPER…………………………….5
2.4.1. PULP……………………………………………………………………………….6
2.4.1.1. WOOD PULP………………………………………………………………….…6
2.4.1.2. NON-WOOD PULP……………………………………………………………...6
2.4.1.3. RECYCLED PAPER PULP……………………………………………………...7
2.5. PULPING……………………………………………………………………….7
2.5.1. MACHANICAL PULPING……………………………………………………….7
2.5.2. THERMO MECHANICAL PULPING…………………………………………….7
2.5.3. CHEMICAL PULPING…………………………………………………………….7
2.6. ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS FOR MAKING PAPER………………………...8
2.6.1. ECO-FRIENDLY PAPER MAKING RAW MATERIALS……………………….8
2.6.2. GROUNDNUT HUSK AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS………………….8
2.6.3. GROUNDNUT…………………………………………………………………….8
2.6.4. GROUNDNUT HUSKS……………………………………………………………9
2.7. PRODUCTION OF PULP FROM GROUNDNUT HUSK………………………………...10
2.7.1. TERMINOLOGIES USED……………………………………………………….11
METHODS FOR PAPER PRODUCTION…………………………………………………11
2.8.0 MANUAL/HAND MAKING PAPER PRODUCTION………………….……….11
2.8.1. PAPER TYPES……………………………………………………………………12
2.8.2. USES OF PAPER…………………………………………………………………13
CHAPTER THREE…………………………………………………………………………..…14
3.1. MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS………………………………………………………14
3.1.1. RAW MATERIALS………………………………………………………………14
3.1.2. CHEMICALS USED……………………………………………………………...14
3.2. PROCEDURES…………………………………………………………………………….14
3.3. CONSTRUCTION OF PAPER DECKLE AND MOULD…………………………………15
3.4. PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE FIBRE CONTENTS…16
CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………….19
RESULT AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….19
4.1 DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE CRUDE FIBRE……………………....20
CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………………...21
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….21
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….23

 

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.4: A picture of Groundnut shell………………….………………………….10
FIGURE 2.6: A picture of Pulp………………….……………...…………………….10
FIGURE 2.8: Uncoated Paper Pulp………………………….……………………….10
FIGURE 2.8.1: Coated Paper Pulp………...………………….…………………….10
FIGURE 3.3: Process Flow Diagram………………………………………………16
FIGURE 3.5: Autoclaving the samples…………….………………………………...17
FIGURE 3.5.1: Deckle and Mould……………………………………....................18
FIGURE 3.5.2: ASTM Sieve………………………………………………………18
FIGURE 3.5.3: Paper that could not hold…………………………………………21
FIGURE 3.5.4: Successful Packaging paper………….……………………………...21

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3.3: Experimental Runs…………………….……………………………………….15
TABLE 4.1: Effects of Extraction Temperature and Time on Percentage Fibre Recovered….26
TABLE 4.2: Effect of Extraction Temperature and Time on Percentage Crude Fibre. …20                                                                                           

                                                           CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                      INTRODUCTION.
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogeal) is a significant crop grown in Nigeria's arid and semi-arid regions and has multiple uses, including its nut, oil, and vegetative residue. The use of groundnut meal is becoming more widespread as a protein supplement for children with protein malnutrition and a dietary supplement for those on protein-poor cereal-based diets. It is the 13th most significant food crop globally and the 4th largest source of edible oil, with Nigeria being the largest producer of peanuts in Africa, producing an estimated 3 million metric tons. Groundnut production in Nigeria is centered in the northern states of Kano, Kaduna, Taraba, Bauchi, Bornu, and Adamawa.
Groundnut plants improve soil nutrients due to the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules. All parts of the groundnut plant have commercial value, with the shells having great potential as fuel, filler in cattle feed, hard particleboard, activated carbon, and more. The fibers of the groundnut shell have good physical strength properties, and its pentosan content and gums make it a suitable source for paper production.
Groundnut shells or husks are the outer covering or peels of groundnut seed. They are the obtainable agro– industrial waste that decays slowly under natural conditions (Brännvall, 2008). Groundnut shells are vital to each animal and humans; it’s used for animal feeds and fertilizers. Most often groundnut shells are burnt or buried which affect the natural being of the environment. Other uses of groundnut shell include plastic, wardrobes, metal casting, insulation board, pesticides as well as activated carbon. The major drawback of groundnut shell is its poor digestion in animals and it’s difficult to decay (Marques et al., 2010). It is in the light of the pollution brought about by this waste that the idea of getting into research on how to convert this waste into meaningful product came about. The addition of groundnut shell to Mubi Vimtim clay may produce clay with different properties.
Amongst several agricultural wastes, groundnut shells have emanated as one of the viable agricultural residues for pulp production due to a substantial cellulose content which is the primary raw material required for pulp production (Ramgopal et al., 2016 ). Groundnut shells have the potential to complement conventional wood supplies as currently they are being under-utilized in countries that are heavily dependent on agriculture such as in Nigeria.
Paper is a versatile material with many uses. It is prepared mainly by using cellulose pulp derived from wood and then drying them into flexible sheets. The most common use is for writing and printing; it is also widely used as a packaging material and even as a food ingredient -- particularly in Asian cultures. Paper and the pulp papermaking process is an ancient process which was developed in China. Groundnut is also of value as rotation crop. As it is the plant, it improves soil nutrients, due to the presence of atmospheric nitrogen fixing bacteria in its root nodules. Thus, all parts of groundnut plant are fully useful. Groundnut shell has great potential for commercial use. Groundnut shell is used as a fuel, filler in cattle feed, hard particleboard, activated carbon, etc. The groundnut shell fibres possess good physical strength properties. The higher pentosan content together with gums of some species of groundnut plant may be a suitable source for producing paper
The increasing demand for paper products has led to a search for alternative fibrous raw materials, with annual crops and agricultural residues offering possibilities to supplement wood as a raw material source. However, some limitations such as seasonal variations, storage spoilage, and process efficiency or product performance issues have hindered the use of non-wood materials. Groundnut husks offer a well-suited alternative as they are available as waste products from shelling operations at locally concentrated sites and almost year-round. Deforestation, responsible for 12% of greenhouse gas emissions globally, is a significant concern, and finding alternatives to wood for pulp production is imperative. Agricultural residues such as groundnut husks, with their unique cellular arrangements and composition, have great potential for use in the production of composites, fuel, textiles, and paper. Ramgopal (2016) lists groundnut husks as a viable agricultural residue for pulp production due to their substantial cellulose content, which is a primary raw material for pulp production. The husks have the potential to complement conventional wood supplies, particularly in agriculture-dependent countries like Nigeria and Zimbabwe.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT.

Packaging paper based material is the one of the earliest and largest used packaging form for food products in Nigeria. In Nigeria, most food products are packaged using packaging paper. The demand for paper products has been growing rapidly and the increase in the cost of imported raw materials is alarming, leading to depletion of traditional raw material sources such as wood and its by-products. This excessive harvesting of trees has a negative impact on the ecosystem, causing desertification and depletion of the ozone layer. To address this, it is necessary to adopt alternative, sustainable sources for paper production. One such material is groundnut husk, which is readily available and locally generated in countries dependent on agriculture, such as Nigeria and Zimbabwe. By utilizing this agricultural residue, the paper industry can meet its demands while also promoting ecological balance (Brännvall, 2008).

1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES.
The aim of this research is to;
Produce a packaging paper from agricultural  from the waste material ( groundnut shells).
The specific objectives are;
1.  Production of cellulosic pulp from groundnut husk using Kraft’s process
2.  Production of a packaging paper from the pulp mixture using hand mould.
3.  Mechanical characterization of the packaging sheet.

1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY.
This work looks at the utilization of Groundnut Husk in North central zone of Nigeria in the production of packaging papers using Mechanical processing, it will be tested for impact, tension and compression.

1.5 JUSTIFICATION.

Using groundnut shells to make packaging paper is a sustainable and cost-effective Option.
Groundnut shells are a waste product of the groundnut industry and using them to make packaging Paper reduces the amount of waste that would otherwise end up in landfills.
Additionally, Groundnut shells are a renewable resource, which means they can be replenished over time. Making packaging paper from groundnut shells also requires less energy and resources than using wood, which makes it a more environmentally friendly option, it will be a source of income for farmers also. It will also help in creating jobs for youths.
Additionally, using groundnut shells to make packaging Paper can help support the groundnut industry and provide an additional source of income for Farmers.
Overall, using groundnut shells to make packaging paper is a smart and sustainable choice.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.                                 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
This project which is aimed at production of packaging paper from groundnut husk has just been carried out.  This particular project topic was embarked based on the fact that the traditional raw material for the production of paper that is tree has so many evident side effects one of which is the ever increasing danger of desertification and the depletion of the ozone layer amongst others so as to convert wastes into useful products and also provide job opportunities for the unemployed individuals.
In carrying out this research, Kraft’s method was utilized and from the result presented it can be seen from table 4.2 that the sample with the highest percentage of crude (%) are both the 500C – 30minutes and 500C – 90minutes with the percentage of crude (%) of 35.05% and 31.95% respectively the process temperature most suitable for the production of paper as according to the results presented in Table 4.2 is 1000C and higher.
Furthermore, the success made from this research makes it evident that it is possible to produce paper from groundnut husk thereby providing a better alternative raw material for the production of paper at a cheaper and cleaner rate hence creating a platform for the pulp industry and a fertile ground for future works.

 5.2.                                             RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the successful outcome of this project, it is recommended that more research be carried out on it so as to further improve it and help enhance mass participation in converting wastes into useful products.

---

CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "utilization of groundnut husk in the production of packaging paper" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

---

To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"

Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE

To view other related topics click HERE

To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE

Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"

Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions

---

For more information contact us through any of the following means:

Mobile No :+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]

Email address :engr4project@gmail.com

Watsapp No :+2348146561114

---

COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL

Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124

Watsapp No :+2348146561114

Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com

---

FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA: