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TITLE PAGE

 

BY

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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "water level sensor" by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "water level sensor" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "water level sensor" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "water level sensor" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

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This project is titled the design and construction of a water level sensor system. It is designed to indicate the level of water to over-head tank.
The circuit uses the widely available CD4066, bilateral switch CMOS IC to indicate the water level through LEDs.
When the water is empty the wires in the tank are open circuited and the 180K resistors pulls the switch low hence opening the switch and LEDs are OFF. As the water starts filling up, first the wire in the tank connected to S1 and the + supply are shorted by water. This closes the switch S1 and turns the LED1 ON. As the water continues to fill the tank, the LEDs2 , 3 and 4 light up gradually.
The no. of levels of indication can be increased to 8 if 2 CD4066 ICs are used in a similar fashion.
When the water is full, the base of the transistor BC148 is pulled high by the water and this saturates the transistor, turning the buzzer ON. The SPST switch has to be opened to turn the buzzer OFF.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT
 Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Content
CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

1.1      objective of the study
1.2      significance of the project
1.3      advantages of the project
1.4      application of the project
1.5      problem of the project
1.6      project organisation

CHAPTER TWO
2.0     literature review
2.1     review of different types of water sensor
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 constructions
3.1 circuit diagram
3.2 circuit description
3.3 circuit operation of the water indicator
3.4 components used
3.5 the working principle
3.5 power supply unit
3.6 power supply unit
3.7  specification and operation of system component
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0     constructions
4.1     circuit operation
4.2     circuit diagram
4.3     components requirement
4.4     working of automatic water level controller
4.5    components pin-out
4.6    power supply unit
4.7     power supply components
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0     Result analysis
5.1     installation of the complete design
5.2     construction procedure and testing
5.3     casing and packaging
5.4     assembling of section
5.4     testing of system operation
5.5     problems encountered
5.6     cost analysis
5.7     description of components used
CHAPTER FIVE
6.1     Conclusion
6.2     Recommendation
6.6     Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

•                                                INTRODUCTION

This work is titled design and construction of Water Level Indicator. It is best suited for overhead water tanks to display the amount of water. The circuit consisting of 4 LED’s used to indicate ¼, ½, ¾, full levels.
Nowadays everybody has overhead tank at their homes. But everyone who has a water tank above knows the kind of problems that they face. Firstly there is no system to track the water in the tank. Then there come a secondary problem that is when their water pump is started they have no idea when it gets filled up and sometimes there are situation where the pump keeps on pumping water to the tank and the water startsspilling out from the tank. There is wastage of energy as well as wastage of water.
Basically the unit is made up of various sensors acting as a switch. Let me explain in a simple way. What happens is when you turn ON your water pump, the water starts to get pumped from your underground reservoir  or from your underground water supply from the pipes to your water tank. In the tank there is a set of sensors ( to be precise there are 4 sensors), in the water tank. So the water starts to get filled in the tank and when the water level in the tank starts to rise up, what happens is that the sensors that is installed in the tank starts to get activated one by one indicating the water level in the tank. And finally when it reaches to its top most sensor, there will be a visual display as well as a sound from the unit indicating that the water has filled in the tank and one can be alerted that the tank has been filled up and the water pump has to be switched off saving the electricity bill as well as over flow of water from the tank.
There are three parts in this project:-
(i) The Sensor Part
It is generally a fixed support inside the tank having some nuts and bolt with wires coming out.
(ii) The Circuit Part
It comprises the brain of the module, where in all the various inputs from the sensors are fed. It is the unit from where you will get all the information of how much of water is in the tank.
(iii) The Power Supply 
It is the part where in you will be converting the A/C voltage to a regulated voltage of 12V to the Circuit.

1.2                         OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

• To institutionalize social regulations level that govern the allocation, use and management of water for the different purposes.
• To achieve equitable and sustainable access to groundwater to all farmers through sharing of resources and socially regulated demand management of the resource.
• To achieve equitable and secure access to water for drinking, sanitation and domestic needs at affordable costs for all households or company within the project area and project period.
• To construct an electronic device that can automatically detect water level (1/4, ½, ¾ and full) with high precision.
• To control the supply of water.

1.3                          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The water level alarm circuit is a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the level of water in the overhead tank and also in the other containers. Nowadays, all the householders/owners are storing the water in overhead tanks by using the pumps. When the water is stored in the tank, no one can identify the level of water and also, no one can know when the water tank will fill. Hence there is an overflow of water in the tank, thus there is a wastage of energy and water. To resolve this type of problems by using the water level alarm circuit of a CMOS IC helps and indicated the level of water in the overhead tanks.

1.4                                          ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

• Suitability: These water level controllers are ideally suited for normal water as well as for ultra low conductivity water with less than 1 micro/moh.
• Easy to Operate: this system come fitted with sensitivity setting which can be provided externally on a dial or with internal settings.
• Settings : It is equipped with technology which works on low or high sensitivity settings on the same machine and thereby saves costs of buying and using two different machines.
• Materials of Construction: this water indicator system is  protected the against corrosion.
• Safety: This system is highly insulated, leakage proof and works without creating any noise.
•  Save roofs
• Save water
•  Save electricity

1.5                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is used in the following:

• overhead water tanks,
• swimming pool boilers,
• factories,
• chemical plants,
•  electrical substations and also in other liquid storage systems.

1.6                                              PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
The only problem discovered in this work on the probes.  Sensor probes will likely rust at a fast rate, while high mineral content in the water will likely plate to the probes enforcing failure or Causing inaccurate readings.
1.7                                                 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The circuit consisting of 4 LED’s used to indicate ¼, ½, ¾, full levels. When the water is full, the base of the transistor BC148 is pulled high by the water and this saturates the transistor, turning the buzzer ON thereby informing the user that the tank is filled.

1.8                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, application, objective, problem of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0      CONCLUSION 
The course of undergoing this project has disclosed numerous important things about a water level indicator. Ranging from its economic importance and recommendation based on the use of this water level indicator. Hence with the successful design and construction of this project, a more efficient way of ensuring continuous flow and pumping of water is provided even in the absence of the operator. This provides the possibility that is can still indicator the level of water in the tank to the user. The water level controller can be used in Hotels, Factories, Homes, Commercial complexes, Drainage, etc.
• Fuel level indicator in vehicles
• Liquid level indicator in the huge containers in most big companies.

5.1      RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in our homes and industries where the need for accurate flow and pumping of water is needed. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.
You will need to power the circuit with a 6V DC supply which can provide 100mA or more current. The transistor BC148 may be substituted with any general purpose transistor such as BC548, 2N2222, PN2222 etc.
Remember to turn the switch ON while pumping water otherwise the buzzer will not sound.

 

Design pictures

 

CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "water level sensor" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "water level sensor" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "water level sensor" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "water level sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "water level sensor" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "water level sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "water level sensor" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "water level sensor" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "water level sensor" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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