A RESEARCH PROJECT

BY

NNAEMEKA ORIOHA
EE/2017/167
 
SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.

 
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)

 AUGUST 2017

 

---

APPROVAL PAGE

This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of  Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.


----------------------------  -----------------------
Engr. Ejimorfor  Date
(Project supervisor)

---------------------------  -----------------------

Engr. Ejimofor  Date
(Head of Department)


------------------------------  ----------------------

External Supervisor

 

DECLARATION

I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering  faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu

 

 

---

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.

---

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.

 

Timing is an important factor that controls all activity on earth. Lecture timing defines the number of periods and the duration of each period in a lecturing day. Every lecture ought to have starting time and ending time in order to provision for other lectures to take such as in cases whereby there is no enough lecture room. In other to solve the problem of wrong timing among lecturers, this device was designed. This device is a special type of clock for measuring and displaying time intervals. This device displayed the time used for a lecture via LEDs.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                                        INTRODUCTION
Class needs to end when it is supposed to end. If you did not plan adequately, it is not acceptable to unilaterally decide that class can be stretched beyond the scheduled time.
Your students might have another class to get to, or a study appointment, or a job. And, they probably want class to end and whatever you want to squeeze in during the last few minutes isn’t likely to have the desired educational outcome anyway. Also, someone else might need to occupy the room, and if it’s a professor who is using digital stuff during the lesson, they need to get hooked up to make that happen and that could take a few minutes.
Timing device is an instrument for measuring elapsed time intervals in hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second. The first timers, built at the end of the 19th century, registered time in seconds with a single second hand. Small timing devices are manufactured as pocket and wrist instruments, usually with mechanical movements and hands to display elapsed time. Large timing devices are manufactured as table and panel-mounted units, including demonstrational timers. They are usually electrically powered, electromechanical, or electronic with a digital display. Like clocks and watches, timers have a basic mechanical, electrical, or electronic movement for measuring time. They have a special mechanism for starting, stopping, and resetting the indicator hands or digital display to zero, thus allowing measurement of elapsed time intervals.
The most common small timers use a balance wheel and a coiled spring with an oscillation period of 0.02 or 0.04 sec for measuring intervals up to several minutes and 0.2 or 0.4 sec for measuring intervals up to several hours. Starting, stopping, and resetting are controlled by pressing the winding stem and a push button. When timing is started, a lever-and-cam mechanism frees the balance wheel or engages gears that connect the movement with the hands on the dial; when timing is stopped, the balance wheel is blocked or the gears are disengaged. Small class–1 timers with mechanical movements are accurate to within ± 0.08 sec over a 60-sec interval and to within ± 0.3 sec over a 30-min interval.
Electric timers are equipped with synchronous electric motors and are usually powered by an external source of alternating current. Electromechanical and electronic timers usually have a quartz signal generator powered by an internal source of direct current. Large quartz timeOrs have digital displays and a keyboard-operated control system. They are accurate to within ±0.001 sec.
The minute scales on timers are sometimes divided into 100 parts for the sake of convenience in certain timing operations in industry. Timer categories include cumulative timers, used, for example, to register the length of service of machine tools; splitsecond watches, which simultaneously register the duration of an entire process and the duration of one stage, for example, the total time of a race and the time of a single segment; multidial timers capable of registering the duration of several processes simultaneously; and timers with scales for determining the number of events in a unit of time, for example, the number of pulse beats in a minute.

1.2                                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to   design a device that will be used to monitor and give signal to the user through LED and alarm whenever the required and set time is reached.

1.3                                             OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work students involved will be able:

1. To know the operation of the a timing device
2. To know the description and application of a timing device
3. To know more about oscillator and multivibrator
4. To know the operation of astable type of multivibrator

1.4                                          APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Timing devices are passive component which creates clock signal by the piezoelectric effect. This device is used for various applications, including for mobile phones, wearable devices and AV/PC.
Apart from the above electronics device this device can be used, there are other places it can also be used, such as:

1. Lecture class room
2. Worship places (i.e church or mosque)
3. Meeting places
4. Market places, that is, to know the closing time of the market

1.5                                         SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Some lecturers can’t start a class on time because the room is being occupied by another class that has gone over schedule, or sometimes we discovered that some students will start sleeping in the class whenever their lecturer has gone over the schedule. In order to stop such situations this device was built to be used to monitor and give signal to the user through LED and alarm whenever the required and set time is reached.

1.6                                           ADVANTAGES OF USING LEDS

1. LEDs produce more light per watt than do incandescent bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy saving devices.
2. LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs.
3. The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner.
4. When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not change their color tint as the current passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn yellow.
5. LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting.
6. LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock. Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are easily broken if subjected to external shock.
7. LEDs can have a relatively long useful life.
8. LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt burn-out of incandescent or HID bulbs
9. LEDs light up very quickly. LEDs used in timing devices can have even faster response times.

1.7                                               PROBLEM OF USING LEDS

1. On an initial capital cost basis, LEDs are currently more expensive, measured in price per lumen, than more conventional lighting technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output, combined with the cost of the drive circuitry and power supplies needed.
2. LED performance largely depends on the ambient temperature of the operating environment. Driving the LED hard in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating of the LED package, eventually leading to device failure. Adequate heat-sinking is required to maintain long life. This is especially important when considering automotive, outdoor, medical, and military applications where the device must operate over a large range of temperatures, and is required to have a low failure rate.
3.  LEDs must be supplied with the correct voltage and current at a constant flow. This requires some electronics expertise to design the electronic drivers.
4. LED’s can shift color due to age and temperature.

1.7                                        PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the, significance, objective aim, application and problem of using LEDS study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

---

This material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We make abstract and chapter one visible for everyone.

All Project Topics on this site have complete 5(five) Chapters . Each Project Material include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.

To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"

Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE

To view other related topics click HERE

To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE

Do you want us to research for your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"

Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions

You can also visit our facebook Page at fb.me/hyclas to view more our related construction (or design) pics

---

For more information contact us through Any of the following means:

Mobile No :+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]

Email address :engr4project@gmail.com

Watsapp No :+2348146561114

To View Our Design Pix: You can also visit our facebook Page at fb.me/hyclas for our design photos/pics.

---

IF YOU ARE SATISFIED WITH OUR SERVICES, PLEASE DO NOT FORGET TO INVITE YOUR FRIENDS AND COURSEMATES TO OUR PAGE.