A RESEARCH PROJECT
BY
NNAEMEKA ORIOHA
EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
AUGUST 2017
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
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Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
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Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
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External Supervisor
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
Speed control of a machine is the most vital and important part in any industrial organization. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control. The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is very apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. Instantaneous brake in both the directions happens as a result of applying a reverse voltage across the running motor for a brief period and the speed control of the motor can be achieved with the PWM pulses generated by the microcontroller. The microcontroller used in this project is from 8051 family. Push buttons are provided for the operation of the motor which are interfaced to the microcontroller that provides an input signal to it and controls the speed of the motor through a motor driver IC. The speed and direction of DC motor has been observed on digital CRO. Microcontroller programming has been written in assembly language by using notepad and it has been converted in hex file by using micro vision Kiel. The burning of programming in the 8051 microcontroller chip has been done by using positron boot loader software.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
DC machines play a very important role in industries and in our daily life. The outstanding advantage of DC machines is that they offer easily controllable characteristics. This paper is designed to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake. It also has a feature of speed control.
The four quadrant operation of the dc motor is best suited for industries where motors are used and as per requirement they can rotate in clockwise, counter-clockwise and also apply brakes immediately in both the directions. In case of a specific operation in industrial environment, the motor needs to be stopped immediately. In such scenario, this proposed system is ver y apt as forward brake and reverse brake are its integral features. In this work the concept of four quadrant speed control i.e. clockwise movement, anticlockwise movement, instantaneous forward braking and instantaneous reverse braking of a dc motor with the help of microcontroller through motor driver (L293D) has been proposed.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to develop a four quadrant speed control system for a DC motor using microcontroller. The motor is operated in four quadrants i.e. clockwise, counter clock-wise, forward brake and reverse brake.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Motor can be operated at various speeds based on the requirement of the application using motor speed control techniques. To achieve DC motor speed control, we need to interface the DC motor with 8051 microcontroller. The four quadrant operation of DC motor such as clockwise rotation, anti-clockwise rotation, forward braking operation, and reverse braking operation can be performed using 8051 microcontroller based circuits.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
But in some practical applications, motors are required to operate both in a clockwise direction, anti-clockwise direction, reverse braking, forward braking conditions. These modes of operation of DC motors can be achieved using four quadrant DC motor speed control with microcontroller.
The project is useful to be used in industries for moving motors in both directions i.e. clockwise and anti-clockwise and can even apply forward and reverse brakes whenever required.
The brakes functions by applying a reverse voltage in the motor for certain time. The speed is controlled by generating PWM pulses from microcontroller of 8051 family. A pair of push buttons is interfaced to microcontroller which is interfaced to operation motor by motor driver IC. The signals from the button are input to the microcontroller that in turn actuates motors in controlling speed.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to control in clockwise direction, anti-clockwise direction, reverse braking, forward braking conditions
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is found useful in the following machines:
- electrical DC motors,
- AC motors,
- synchronous motors,
- induction motors,
- stepper motors
1.6 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, significance, objective, purpose, application of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
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