A RESEARCH PROJECT
BY
NNAEMEKA ORIOHA
EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
AUGUST 2017
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
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Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
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Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
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External Supervisor
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
This paper describes the development of a wireless heartbeat and temperature monitoring system based on a microcontroller at a reasonable cost with great effect. Most monitoring systems that are in use in today’s world works in offline mode but it is of great need that a system must be designed so that patient can be monitored remotely in real time. The paper consists of sensors which measures heartbeat and body temperature of a patient which is controlled by the microcontroller. Both the readings are displayed in LCD monitor. Wireless system is used to transmit the measured data to a remote location. The heartbeat sensor counts the heartbeat for specific interval of time and estimates Beats per Minute while the temperature sensor measures the temperature and both the data are sent to the microcontroller for transmission to receiving end. Finally, the data are displayed in the LCD at the receiving end.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- WHAT IS A PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR USING RF
- PROBLEM DEFINITION
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- FEATURES OF HEARTBEAT SENSOR
- APPLICATIONS OF HEARTBEAT SENSOR
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE HEARTBEAT
2.2 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
2.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.4 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE SENSORS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 WORKING OF A HEARTBEAT SENSOR
3.2 HEARTBEAT SENSOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 HEARTBEAT SENSOR PRINCIPLE
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER
3.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL HEARTBEAT MONITOR
3.7 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
3.8 CIRCUIT OPERATION
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 PACKAGING
4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.6 TESTING
4.7 RESULT ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
- FUTURE WORKS
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
In today’s world, the maximum use of resource is always complimented. So, the use of wireless technology is enhanced to meet the need of remote control and monitoring. Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a technology that enables us to monitor patient outside of clinic or hospital without having to visit a patient. It may increase access to health services and facilities while decreasing cost. Remote Patient Monitoring saves time of both patient and doctor, hence increasing efficiency and reliability of health services.
Heartbeat and body temperature are the major signs that are routinely measured by physicians after the arrival of a patient [1]. Heart rate refers to how many times a heart contracts and relaxes in a unit of time (usually per minute).
Heart rate varies for different age groups. For a human adult of age 18 or more years, a normal resting heart rate is around 72 beats per minute (bpm). A lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. Babies have a much higher rate than adults around 120 bpm and older children have heart rate around 90 bpm. The heart rate increases gradually during exercise and returns to its normal value after exercise. The rate at which the pulse returns to its normal value is an indication of the fitness of a person. If the heart rate is lower than the normal heart rate, it is an indication of a condition known as bradycardia and if the heart rate is higher than the normal heart rate, it is an indication of a condition known as tachycardia [2]. Like heart rate, normal body temperature also varies from person to person and changes throughout the day. The body temperature is lowest in the early morning and highest in the early evening. The normal body temperature is about 37o C or 98.6o F [3].
However, it can be as low as 36.1o C (97oF) in the early morning and as high as 37.2o C (99o F) and still be considered normal. Thus, the normal range for body temperature is 97 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 36.1 to 37.8 degrees Celsius [4].
Temperature can be measured by using different types of sensors. These sensors come in different forms such as thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTD), and integrated circuit (IC) sensors. The temperature sensor produces analog output voltage which is proportional to the temperature. The temperature sensor requires analog to digital (A/D) converter so that the analog output voltage can be converted to digital form [5].
The output of the temperature sensor is connected to the Port A of PIC16F72 microcontroller. The microcontroller processes this data and displays it in LCD as well as sends it to the receiving end for displaying at the remote place.
This paper describes the design of a very low-cost remote patient monitoring system which measures heart rate and body temperature of a patient and sends the data to a remote end where the data will be displayed and physician or doctor will be able to examine him/her. This device will be much needed during emergency period or for saving time of both patient and doctor.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Heart beat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit time, usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). The human heart pounds to pump oxygen rich blood to the muscles and carry cell waste products away from the tissues. Heartbeat rate can vary according to the demand of the muscles to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes such as during exercise or sleep. It also varies significantly between individuals based on age, fitness and genetics. This means that the heart must beat faster to deliver more oxygen rich blood. During exercise routines, the heartbeat rate gives a strong indication of how effective the exercise is to the body.
The patient monitoring systems is one of the major improvements in the global health care program because of its advanced technology. A patient monitoring system measures the heartbeat and body temperature by using embedded technology. This advancement in technology is highly needed because many sick patients at the hospitals die because of high fever and heart attacks. The trend of cardiovascular disease has shown that heart beat rate plays a key role in determining the possibility of a heart attack while an increase in the body temperature can induce fever on a patient. Heart diseases such as heart attack, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and congenital heart disease are the leading causes of death for men and women in many countries. Most of the time, the aged people of the society are more prone to heart disease problems than the younger ones. For people who live alone with no one to monitor their health condition, this device offers an opportunity to them for a constant monitoring of their health status, it is developed to monitor and alert the doctors about the heartbeat and temperature condition of a patient. It is developed to give patients a timely and proper heath care.
These days it is not easy for doctors and the nurses to remain close to a patients bed side to monitor their heath condition. In the past, a huge and fixed monitoring device was used (only in the hospitals) to know the health status of a patient when on a bed. These monitoring devices are only available in the hospitals and are constantly on Many the of patient them are not user friendly so it is important that the doctors and family members will have a handy device that can always monitor their patients when they are not around. One of the vital things to monitor on a patient is the body temperature. This has to do with the measurement of the body's ability to generate and get rid of heat. Temperature monitoring is one of chief indicators of the normal functioning of health. The nature of the human body is to keep its temperature within a narrow, safe range in spite of large variations in temperatures outside the body. Normal human body temperature depends upon the place in the body, from which the measurement is made, and the time and level of activity of the person. The typical body temperature is 37.0 °C ± 0.4°C (98.6 ° F ± 0.7°F). When the body temperature is high, the blood vessels within the skin expand (dilate) to carry the excess heat to the patients skin surface. One may begin to sweat, and as the sweat evaporates, it helps to cool his/her body. When one is too cold, the blood vessels narrow (contracts) so that blood flow to the skin is reduced to conserve body heat. This may cause an involuntary shivering in some people due to cold which is a rapid contraction of the muscles. This extra muscle activity helps to generate more heat. Under normal condition, thus keeping one's body temperature within a narrow, safe range. Body temperature is regulated by neural feedback mechanism which operate primarily through the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus contains not only the control mechanisms, but also the key temperature sensors. Under control of these mechanisms, sweating begins almost precisely at a skin temperature of 37°C and increases rapidly as the skin temperature rises above this value. The heat production of the body under these conditions remains almost constant as the skin temperature rises. If the skin temperature drops below 37°C a variety of responses are initiated to conserve the heat in the body and to increase heat production. These includes: Vasoconstriction to decrease the flow of heat to the skin, Cessation of sweating, shivering to increase heat production in the muscles, Secretion of nor epinephrine, epinephrine, and thyroxin to increase heat production.
Another vital thing to monitor in a patient is the heartbeat rate. It is very important that the heartbeat is to be normal. That is 72 BPM. If there is any abnormality, then the patient is in distress. Heartbeat rate means the number of heartbeats per unit of time. The normal heartbeat rate of a resting person is about 70 bpm for adult males and 75 bpm for adult females. The average heartbeat per minute for 25-year old ranges between 140-170 beats per minute while for a 60-year old it is typically between 115-140 beats per minute and body temperature is 37 degree Celsius or 98.6 Fahrenheit. Normally it is difficult to keep track of the abnormalities in the heartbeat count of by manual means. Patients are not well versed with the manual treatments, which the doctors normally use for tracking the count of the heartbeat. Thus, there must be some kind of device which would help patients and their family member to keep track of their health by themselves. This sole reason is why this project presents a heartbeat and temperature monitoring device using radio frequency (RF.). The concept of developing an RF. based patient monitoring device is to have a simple home and hospital based pulse and body temperature monitoring device for sick person’s that are in critical condition and needs to be constantly or periodically monitored by clinician or family.
1.2 WHAT IS A PATIENT HEARTBEAT AND TEMPERATURE MONITOR USING RF.?
A patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF. Is a radio frequency based pulse wave and body temperature monitoring system, which allows the control of a sick condition person’s in real time. The system monitors the heart beat and temperature of a patient simultaneously and if the patients heartbeat rate or body temperature is abnormal, the system alerts sends an alert to the doctor or patient’s to quickly examine family or m diagnose the patient’s precaution condition to save the an patient’s. The alerts sound life can be triggered at any time as long as there is a deviation in the health condition of the patient from the normal, such that the status of the patient can be known on time. The system consists of a sensor, which monitors the patient and sends a signal to a microcontroller, which processes it to determine the temperature and heartbeat rate of the patient before sending an alert to a receiver using radio frequency. The receiver has to be in the possession of the patient’s or family doctor members. This project can also be used by athletes who engage in physical exercise and by medical professionals. Individuals, such as athletes, cyclists or those who are interested in monitoring their heartbeat rate and body temperature to gain maximum efficiency from their training can also use this project. It can be used during physical exercise and healthcare.
1.3 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The human health is one of the most important concerns in the world today. Anything/everything becomes meaningless when one becomes sick and dies due to improper Medicare. For health reasons, people, governments and several voluntary bodies spend a lot of money to ensure a better health condition for themselves and the entire populace. Scientists and Engineers are always at work to device a means of supporting/sustaining a sound health condition for all through the invention of numerous technologies both Electrical/Mechanical gadgets that are in use for health care delivery today. The heart is a very delicate organ in the human body (once it stops beating, nothing else matters). Thus, If early actions are taken (and on time) the heart condition can be managed effectively and many patients can be cured and saved. The problem of patients slumping and dying is associated with cardiovascular arrests and can be checkmated this sensitive and highly effective device (the patient heartbeat and temperature monitor). This device has an outstanding advantage that it is easy to handle and access. Heartbeat rate and body temperature monitors are part of the most vital tools needed in first aid kit for saving lives. Unlike the x-ray, the heartbeat and temperature monitor does not impose any hazard to the human health. There devices in the market which can provide raw measurement data of the patients to the doctors, but the patients may not be able to interpret the medical measurement into a meaningful diagnosis due to their limited medical background. On the other hand, if raw medical data is delivered to the doctor, time is wasted and may pose a problem, but in emergencies waste of time can never be tolerated. It is tough to share data over large area within a short period. Most of the products available in the market have this drawback of limitation in flexibility and portability. If the heat that is produced from metabolism cannot be checkmated on time, it will cause a turbulent body temperature, which could be worse than 40°C and lead to headache, vertigo, low blood pressure, high energy consumption, unconsciousness and crocking up of body temperature regulation function. On the other hand, when the produced heat is less than the dissipating heat, the body temperature cannot hold on and it will result to a decrease in metabolism.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The major aim and objective of this design [of a patient heartbeat and temperature monitor using RF.] is to help the doctors and family members to keep track of the heartbeat condition of their loved ones [as well as their body temperature] in the case of an abnormality in the health condition (for those with heartbeat defects and those that run excessive high temperature beyond normal). If any varied change takes place, it is notified. This notification through RF. Channel would to take an appropriate action at an instance of time, thereby alerting the appropriate persons.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
There are various instruments available in the hospitals to keep track of the internal body changes, but many of them have limitations regarding to maintenance, cost, size of instruments, and mobility. This project is so significant because it is mobile, small in size, cost effective, very easy to use, highly efficient performance, portable and light in weight etc. It uses RF. to help both the patient and the concerned doctor to take an appropriate action.
It is beneficial in terms of cost. It saves time and is very helpful to patients who live alone. It offers a freedom of movement to patients. It has low power consumption though the stability of its wireless data communication is still to be enhanced. To some degree, the wireless data communication via RF has anti-jamming ability.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project operates at a 30 feet’s distance on open space. It is designed to operate with an alkaline battery of a minimum of 9 volts to a maximum of 12v consumes 50mA. It uses a buffer, temperature sensor, AT89c51 Microcontroller and a led display with buzzer for the alert. The hardware and soft ware of the system is oriented towards the AT89c51 single chip microcontroller. Hence, reducing the size of the device. A regulated 3.7v RF. operates in the frequency range of 415 MHZ per second used for data transmission, which can easily penetrate over three floors of a building and go over 30 feet’s in open space.
1.7 FEATURES OF HEARTBEAT SENSOR- Indicates heartbeat by a LED
- Provides a direct output digital signal for connecting to a microcontroller
- Possesses compact Size
- Works with a working Voltage of +5V DC
1.8 APPLICATIONS OF HEARTBEAT SENSOR
- Works as a Digital Heart Rate monitor
- Works as a Patient Health Monitoring System
- Used as a Bio-Feedback control of robotic applications
1.9 PROJECT REPORT ORGANIZATION
The organization of the project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage. It covers all the activities encountered during the research work. The first chapter is the introductory chapter, which covers the background, project objectives, scope of the project, constraints and block diagram overview of the states. Chapter two presents the literature review. Chapter three covers the system analysis and design including the design methodology in block diagram form, implementation, which shows the component layout, the wiring schedule, the wiring diagram and the complete schematic diagram. Chapter four covers the testing and integration of the project design. The system testing was first carried out in a laboratory. Chapter five is the Conclusion, which includes the summary of achievements, problems encountered during project design, recommendation and suggestion for further improvement.
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