A RESEARCH PROJECT
BY
NNAEMEKA ORIOHA
EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
AUGUST 2017
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
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Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
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Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
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External Supervisor
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
Automatic transfers switch a device for use with a stand-alone generator, for supplying emergency power to a residence or small business. The automatic transfer switch apparatus is configured to sense a utility line failure, start up and stabilize the generator, and switch over the household circuits from the utility to the generator, and switch back when the utility recovers. A load-shedding feature is provided for shedding and restoring different circuits within the residence that represents loads of different priority, with loads being shed and restored, according to their priority.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Automatic Transfer Switch ATS is a device for initiating an automatic changeover from mains supply to generator supply through many intermediate transfer stages which involves activating the fuel valve, choke valve and the generator starter.
But with an Automatic Transfer Switch, everything is fully automatic. When the utility power goes out, the transfer switch signals your generator to start. Once the generator is running the transfer switch automatically connects your home or business to the generator. When the utility power is restored, the transfer switch reconnects your home or business to the utility. Then it turns off your generator and waits for the next power outage. This helps you to save fuel costs and it is much safer because of its user-free operation.
For example, in a home equipped with a backup generator and an ATS, when an electric utility outage occurs, the ATS will tell the backup generator to start. Once the ATS sees that the generator is ready to provide electric power, the ATS breaks the home's connection to the electric utility and connects the generator to the home's main electrical panel. The generator supplies power to the home's electric load, but is not connected to the electric utility lines. It is necessary to isolate the generator from the distribution system to protect the generator from overload in powering loads in the house and for safety, as utility workers expect the lines to be dead.
When utility power returns for a minimum time, the transfer switch will transfer the house back to utility power and command the generator to turn off, after another specified amount of "cool down" time with no load on the generator.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Due to inconsistent supply of power, there is a growing need for an alternative source of power supply. This has lead to heavy capital investment in a bid to suppress power failure and ensure regular power supply for the industry, hospitals, schools and homes. The problem of power failure can be checkmated with the use of stand-by generating set.
However, the main objective of this work is design a device that when the utility power goes out, the transfer switch signals your generator to start. Once the generator is running the transfer switch automatically connects your home or business to the generator. When the utility power is restored, the transfer switch reconnects your home or business to the utility.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- Automatic Transfer Switches are used to insure the continuity of power supply, although this can mean different things in different situations. In a typical home, small business or institution, continuous power may mean that a short interruption can be tolerated. For example, if a backup generator is used to supply backup power when public utility power fails, there will be a pause while the generator starts up. In a hospital any interruption of more than a few seconds may be catastrophic. There are several ways that ATS can insure that the interruption is very brief -- including batteries to fill in the gap from the cessation of public utility power to the start of backup generator supply. Some automatic switches sense the temporary dips and spikes in public utility power that precedes failure and starts up the generator before the complete failure of public power.
- It reduces its change over timing to the minimum due to its fast response to power outage.
- It maintains high quality of service through its fast and prompt response.
- Moreover, the size and captivity of the unit will depend upon the load for which it will be used. The unit is also portable, easy, convenient and safe to install.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In every home, office or industries, automatic power changeover plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from utility AC mains to generator in the case of power failure; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:
- Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
- Difficulty in connecting the output without short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
- Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In every home, office or industries, automatic changeover plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from AC mains to generator set in the case of failure in any of the supply; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:
- Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
- Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required.
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Some common examples of entities that implement automatic switches out of necessity are: hospitals, data centers, jails and prisons, fire departments, defense organizations, and police departments.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This work covers only an automatic transfer switch. An automatic transfer switch is a device used to reroute power in special circumstances. For example, during a natural catastrophe the public utility power may go out at a hospital and the automatic transfer switch starts the back-up generator.
1.7 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
May occasionally respond to false signals: When an automatic switch senses signals in a building’s primary power supply that seem to indicate an impending power outage, it switches the building from utility feed to generator feed to avoid the coming outage. However, some transfer switches have been known to respond to false signals, a scenario that could waste generator power, albeit in small amounts.
Usually costs more than a manual model: Because automatic models are generally larger and contain more complex components than manual models, they usually cost more. However, their price tag varies according to the style of switch a building needs and what brand is purchased. An emergency power solutions provider is the best entity to consult about switch choice.
Needs more maintenance than a manual model: Manual models typically involve less maintenance because they involve less complex components, particularly in terms of testing maintenance and replacement parts. An emergency power solutions provider is the best entity to consult about transfer switch maintenance.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- It requires maintenance because they involve less complex components, particularly in terms of testing maintenance and replacement part.
- The cost of designing the device is higher the parts are higher than that of the manual transfer switch.
- Transfer switches have been known to respond to false signals when the switching device becomes faulty, this scenario that could waste generator power, albeit in small amounts.
- Operating voltages: 220V-240
- 60A is the maximium load it can handle.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
RELAY: relay is one of the major components used in this work which is an electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.
POWER FLUCTUATIONS: is a periodic dip or spikes in the electrical current of any given circuit.
POWER FAILURE: is a short- or long-term loss of the electric power to an area.
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