PROJECT
BY
-----------------------
EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
---------------------------- --------------------------
Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
--------------------------- --------------------------
Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
------------------------------ ------------------------
External Supervisor Date
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
Independence is the building methodology in achieving dreams, goals and objectives in life. Visually impaired persons find themselves challenging to go out independently. There are millions of visually impaired or blind people in this world who are always in need of helping hands. For many years the white cane became a well-known attribute to blind person's navigation and later efforts have been made to improve the cane by adding remote sensor. Blind people have big problem when they walk on the street or stairs using white cane, but they have sharp haptic sensitivity. The electronic walking stick will help the blind person by providing more convenient means of life.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION AND PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF THE EXISTING DEVICE
2.2 REVIEW OF WHITE CANE
2.3 TYPES OF WHITE CANE
2.4 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF WHITE CANE
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
3.3 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 COMPONENTS LIST
3.6 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND CONNECTIONS
3.7 CIRCUIT WORKING PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 PACKAGING
4.4 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.5 TESTING
4.6 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.7 PROJECT EVALUATION
4.8 ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
4.9 MAINTAINBILITY
4.10 RELIABILITY
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND REFERENCES
- CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
- RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There are many guidance systems for visually impaired travellers to navigate quickly and safely against obstacles and other hazards faced. Generally, a blind user carries a white cane or a guidance dog as their mobility aid. With the advances of modern technologies many different types of devices are available to support the mobility of blind. These mobility aids are generally known as Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs) [6], [11]. The most important function of ETA for the blind persons is to get information on the shape of the road and the position of obstacles when they are in unknown places. With this information, they need to arrive at their destinations, avoiding unexpected obstacles. The main objective of this project is to develop a simple guidance system for the blind users, using sensors, and to determine whether the blind can moves safely or not.
1.2 BACKGROND OF THE PROJECT
Vision is the most important part of human physiology as 83% of information human being gets from the environment is via sight. The 2011 statistics by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 285 million people in world with visual impairment, 39 billion of which are blind and 246 with low vision [2]. The traditional and oldest mobility aids for persons with visual impairments are the walking cane (also called white cane or stick) and guide dogs. The most important drawbacks of these aids are necessary skills and training phase, range of motion and very little information conveyed. With the rapid advances of modern technology, both in hardware and software front have brought potential to provide intelligent navigation capabilities.
Recently there has been a lot of Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) designed and devised to help the blind navigate independently and safely. Also high end technological solutions have been introduced recently to help blind persons to navigate independently. Many blind guidance systems use ultrasound because of its immunity to the environmental noise. Another reason why ultrasonic is popular is that the technology is relatively inexpensive, and also ultrasound emitters and detectors are small enough to be carried without the need for complex circuit. Blind people have used canes as mobility tools for centuries, but it was not until after World War I that the white cane was introduced.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purposes are as follows:
- To detect place with the stick.
- To detect obstacles with the stick.
- To ensure safe walking of the blind.
- To help the blind to reach his destination safely and securely.
- To create a cheap and comfortable mobility aid for the blind.
1.4 AIM OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to contribute our knowledge and services to the people of blind and disable society by constructing a device capable of detecting any obstacle, detect water and corners and even allow the user to find the stick if anyhow missed by the user by pressing a remote switch.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
According to the WHO, about 30 million people are estimated to be permanently blind worldwide. These people are totally dependent on others. They even cannot walk on their own. We have created designed and built an “Ultrasonic Blind Walking Stick” device which will help blind people to walk with ease independently.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for improved navigation. We here propose an advanced blind stick that allows visually challenged people to navigate with ease using advanced technology. The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with light and water sensing. Our proposed project first uses ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles ahead using ultrasonic waves. On sensing obstacles the sensor passes this data to the arduino. The arduino then processes this data and calculates if the obstacle is close enough. If the obstacle is not that close the circuit does nothing. If the obstacle is close the arduino sends a signal to sound a buzzer.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is powered with battery which can deteriorate or discharge. When this happen the blind man using this device may not know or will find it difficult to replace the battery.
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is designed for young and old, men and women who are blind and disable
1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance, application objective, aim, limitation and problem of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
This material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We make abstract and chapter one visible for everyone.
All Project Topics on this site have complete 5(five) Chapters . Each Project Material include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research for your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
You can also visit our facebook Page at fb.me/hyclas to view more our related construction (or design) pics
For more information contact us through Any of the following means:
Mobile No :+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address :engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
To View Our Design Pix: You can also visit our facebook Page at fb.me/hyclas for our design photos/pics.
IF YOU ARE SATISFIED WITH OUR SERVICES, PLEASE DO NOT FORGET TO INVITE YOUR FRIENDS AND COURSEMATES TO OUR PAGE.