PROJECT
BY
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EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
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Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
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Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
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External Supervisor Date
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
Electrical power system engineering comprises power generation, transmission, distribution, and the utilization of electricity. Modern trends in the development of electric power systems explore means of improving efficiency in these stages mentioned. On the demand side, the protection of consumer equipment and appliances from damage and total destruction due to phase failures is an issue of paramount importance mainly in parts of the world with unsteady supply of electricity. In this work we took a detailed look into what a phase failure is and the possible causes. Then we finally explain the details of a method we have developed that detects cases of phase failure and takes the appropriate measure that will save the consumer loads from damages by selecting the most healthier phase from the three phase supply.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
CHAPTER TWO
- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES
- REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
- REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE LOADS
CHAPTER THREE
- DESIGN METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM MODE OF OPERATION
- MAJOR COMONENTS DIAGRAM
- OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF A CONTACTOR
CHAPTER FOUR
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING SECTION
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCE
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
After the generation and distribution of electricity, if it is not well managed by the final consumer,there could be losses and serious problems to the loads and user alike. With the recent increase in the use of power in our homes and industries, there is the need to adequately protect our homes, industries and every other appliance that make use of electricity. Thus a phase failure detector is overly important both for the improvement of the quality of service from the power utility companies and the protection of life and properties of the electricity consumers.
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data. Auto phase selector unit for those equipments whose supply is single phase. The single phase supply is selected automatically from three phases supply.
This device introduces an automatic solution to overcome power outage \ phase interruption by selecting next available phase to feed the equipment.
The unit operates in three phase system. The device has the following advantages;
will detect a fault state in a phase and minimizes damages to lives/equipment since it has its own monitoring system and its switching requires no human contact with the switch, thus eliminating human error.
It reduces its change over timing to the minimum due to its fast response to power outage.
It maintains high quality of service through its fast and prompt response.
Moreover, the size and captivity of the unit will depend upon the load for which it will be used. The unit is also portable, easy, convenient and safe to install.
1.1 THE CONCEPT OF THE STUDY
This is a situation where any of the three phases in a power system fails. This could be a result from a fuse blowing up or an interruption in the power line. Phase failure could be caused by any of the following:
a.Unbalanced voltage
b.Single phasing or phase loss
c.Overloads
d.Power outage (short cycling, over cycling)
e.Overvoltage
f.Under-voltage
g.Phase reversal (incorrect phase sequence)
The phase failure detector under consideration in this work is an electro-mechanical device used in power system engineering to protect a load from damage due to a failure in any of the phases supplying power to the load. It automatically cuts off the load from the supply if one of the individual phase conductors becomes faulty and at the same time select the most healthier phase in other to maintain the supply in the system
This device is particularly important component in many assembly plants using the mains power supply. In such assemblies, the total loss of power in a phase of the mains supply or a significant reduction in its value due to uneven load conditions will cause serious problems.
Examples of other systems requiring phase failure detectors include power supplies for three-phase motors, transformers, and rectifiers. A more prominent example is the rectifier solutions in which a semi-controlled thyristor bridge is used. It is important that even short network breaks are detected to ensure that control of the bridge does not continue in diode mode once mains voltage has been restored. This is because intermediate circuit voltage can occur during an outage, resulting in fuses blowing when the power supply voltage is restored, and leading to a break in the operation of a process. Phase failure detector can thus be used in many different industrial applications, in ships, and in a national power supply network. They prevent damage to load if one of the individual phases is interrupted.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this study is to construct a device for detecting total loss of power in a three phase electrical network. Phase failure detectors of this kind are used in multi-phase voltage-supply networks, to detect a loss of, or reduction in voltage in one or several phases and then switch over to the available and healthier line.
1.3 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device detects phase failure and provides constant power supply in our:
- Homes
- Workshops
- Worship centre (such as churches or mosque)
- Offices
- And any other places that electrical energy is been used
1.4 PROBLEM/LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
The device does not detect a missing phase or a normal voltage outage in all phases. In addition, the solution operates so slowly that it is unsuitable for use, for example, in connection with modern frequency converters. The slowness is due to the electromechanical components.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of the work is to create a simple and inexpensive phase failure detector, which will detect a fault state, but also which of the phases is defective and at the same time select the phase with the maximinm power supply. The invention is based on the phase failure detector being equipped with a separate detector circuit for each phase being monitored. The detector circuits are connected between the phase being monitored and a common connection point, so that the common connection point forms a reference level.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The phase failure detector can then be incorporated in the equipment assembly and set to monitor the alternating voltage being fed to it. If the common connecting point of the detector circuits of the phase failure detector is connected to the reference potential leading from the direct-voltage circuit of the rectifier, for example, to the medium voltage of the direct-voltage circuit (the potential level in the middle of the minus and plus potentials), the phase failure detector will be able to detect each defective phase, independently of the operation of the other phases.
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