PROJECT
BY
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EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
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Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
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Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
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External Supervisor Date
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
The on-site treatment of sewage is common in all rural and regional areas of the world. Due to the public health and environmental risks that these treatment systems pose, the need for adopting performance based management strategies is gaining increasing recognition. This demands the establishment of performance objectives for on-site sewage treatment and disposal which are based on stringent scientific analysis. A research project was undertaken to identify and investigate the role of influential site and soil characteristics in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent disposal areas. The treatment performances of a number of septic systems on a range of site and soil conditions were investigated together with detailed soil analysis. The changes to soil physico-chemical characteristics of the disposal area due to effluent application and its effluent renovation capacity were found to be directly related to the subsurface drainage characteristics. Significant changes to exchangeable cations and chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) can result due to subsurface effluent application. A relationship exists between chemical parameters such as exchangeable Na and Ca:Mg ratio and CEC. A strong correlation also exists between the depth to the restrictive subsurface horizon and observed treatment performance. The study confirmed that soil chemistry can be a valuable predictive tool for evaluating the long-term performance of sewage effluent disposal systems particularly in poorly drained sites.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Due to rapid growth in cities, the demand for water has increased tremendously. To meet the demand of water, the groundwater resources are been tapped at such a rate that they are depleting at a very fast rate. Secondly, there has been no adequate recharge of groundwater resources to maintain the continuous supply of groundwater. Thus, we have to see that the water resources already present are maintained and also they can be increased by some other options. Therefore the water resources have to be maintained and managed well. The future of our water resources depends upon the development of water resources. Thus, reuse of water has become the need of the hour. One of the options could be the use of treated wastewater effluents. Towns and cities generate huge quantities of sewage. This, when discharged directly onto open grounds is causing considerable pollution of water, soil and air. The sewage may first have to be treated in sewage treatment plants, which in turn will yield great quantities of effluents [1-4]. The problem is how to make good use of effluents, which not only go waste, but also cause environmental pollution. Now, the question is, by what means the effluents from sewage treatment plants can be turned into reasonably pure water. Soil has been known as a greater cleanser of water. It has the capacity of acting as a physical, chemical and biological filter. In such a commonly available and inexpensive agent be used to convert the effluents from sewage into normal water. That is the great task that lies before us in tackling the national problem of water scarcity [5].
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is the removal of coarse solids and other large materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is necessary to enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Water from the mains, used by manufacturing, farming, houses (toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks), hospitals, commercial and industrial sites, is reduced in quality as a result of the introduction of contaminating constituents. Organic wastes, suspended solids, bacteria, nitrates, and phosphates are pollutants that must be removed. The purpose of this work is to produce an environmentally safe sewage water, called effluent, and a solid waste, called sludge or biosolids.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Wastewater treatment is generally to allow human and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment. Irrigation with wastewater is both disposal and utilization and indeed is an effective form of wastewater disposal (as in slow-rate land treatment). However, some degree of treatment must normally be provided to raw municipal wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or landscape irrigation or for aquaculture. The quality of treated effluent used in agriculture has a great influence on the operation and performance of the wastewater-soil-plant or aquaculture system. In the case of irrigation, the required quality of effluent will depend on the crop or crops to be irrigated, the soil conditions and the system of effluent distribution adopted. Through crop restriction and selection of irrigation systems which minimize health risk, the degree of pre-application wastewater treatment can be reduced. A similar approach is not feasible in aquaculture systems and more reliance will have to be placed on control through wastewater treatment [5-6].
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research project was undertaken to identify and investigate the role of influential site and soil characteristics in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent disposal areas. The treatment performances of a number of septic systems on a range of site and soil conditions were investigated together with detailed soil analysis.
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