A RESEARCH PROJECT
BY
NNAEMEKA ORIOHA
EE/2017/167
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE, ENUGU.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG)
AUGUST 2017
APPROVAL PAGE
This project has been read and approved by the undersigned as with the requirement at the department of Electrical Electronic Engineering of Caritas University Amorji Nike Enugu for the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) in Electrical Electronic Engineering.
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Engr. Ejimorfor Date
(Project supervisor)
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Engr. Ejimofor Date
(Head of Department)
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External Supervisor
DECLARATION
I declare that this project material is an original work done by me under the supervision of Engr. Ejimorfor, department of electrical electronic engineering faculty of engineering caritas university, amorji-nike, enugu
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God and to my parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha and to my beloved brothers and sisters whose ever loving kindness and support has seen me through my years of studies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to God Almighty for his mercy, guidance and protection towards me for seeing me through the rigors of this work. I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Engr. Ejimofor for his kind gesture and whose critics lead to the achievement of this work. I also will remain grateful to the tremendous contribution of my lecturers Engr. Ojobor (the Dean of Engineering Faculty), Engr. Ejimofor (Head of Electrical Electronic Engineering Department), Engr. Mbah, Engr. Ochi, and all the staff of Electrical Electronic Engineering both academic and non academic staff for their intellectual upbringing. My special appreciation goes to my loving parents Engr. & Mrs. Chukwu A. Orioha, my grandparent, my uncles and aunties, my brothers and sisters whose moral and financial support cannot be over emphasized. Also my sincere gratitude and special regards to my friends too many to mention whose encouragement also lead to the success of this work.
Voltage Instability is another stability problem that may manifest under heavy loading conditions. This problem causes extremely low voltages. It stems due to the actions of loads to demand power which is beyond the capability of the generators and the transmission network.There is a need to perform studies to ensure that the reliability of the power system is maintained at all system condition and its different operating horizons. This paper analyzes the voltage stability of a system by finding a continuum power flow solutions with base load and obtaining steady state voltage stability limit the critical point. The in-between result of the process is used to determine voltage instability index and further to identify portion of the system prone to such voltage collapse.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The state of an electric power system may be classified as either stable or unstable. The borderline of stability is at any condition for which a slight change in an unfavourable direction of any pertinent quantity will cause instability. The nature of the unstable response will depend upon the characteristics of the system and the operating condition. Although in the general case every system variable is involved, in particular cases the instability may be manifested primarily by the loss of synchronism of one or more generating units (angle instability) or by the uncontrollable decay of system voltage over a significant portion of the network (voltage instability).
Since the principal network characteristics of importance and the principal techniques and tools of analysis are in some degree different for the two cases, and since the possibility of ‘voltage instability’ has become of increasing concern with the development of widespread networks, ‘voltage instability’ has been singled out as a separate phenomenon, distinguished from, but closely related to, ‘angle instability’. This close relationship is well illustrated by the common practice of improving stability by voltage support, even though the instability in prospect is ‘angle instability’.
Moreover, voltage instability has become fashionable both as a subject for study and as a characterization of many recent cases of system collapse, in some cases even though the basis for such characterization has not been immediately evident.
This paper has been written: to define voltage stability, voltage collapse, and voltage security more narrowly so they are not all-embracing phenomena. And also to show the system conditions leading to voltage instability and the system behaviour at its occurrence in the simplest and most direct way.
The modern power distribution network is constantly being faced with an ever-growing load demand. Distribution networks experience distinct change from a low to high load level everyday. In certain industrial areas, it has been observed that under certain critical loading conditions, the distribution system experience voltage collapse which is also called voltage instability.
Brownell and Clarke [1] have reported the actual recordings of this phenomenon in which system voltage collapses periodically and urgent reactive compensation needs to be supplied to avoid repeated voltage collapse.
Literature survey shows that a lot of work has been done on the voltage instability analysis of distribution systems, but hardly any work has been done on the voltage instability analysis of radial distribution networks. Jasmon and Lee and Gubina and Strmchnik have studied the voltage instability analysis of radial networks. They have represented the whole network by a single line equivalent. The single line equivalent derived by these authors is valid only at the operating point at which it is derived. It can be used for small load changes around this point. However, since the power equations are highly nonlinear, even in a simple radial system, the equivalent would be inadequate for assessing the voltage stability limit. Also their techniques do not allow for the changing of the loading pattern of the various nodes which would greatly affect the collapse point.
In this paper, an analysis of voltage instability in a distribution networks was studied.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
Planning and operating today’s power systems, the voltage instability is of major and growing concern. The Power transmission utility requirements have changed considerably after the deregulation of the power industry. These changes had brought a considerable unacceptable poor quality power, which is apparent by continuous increase in sophisticated generation, transmission, distribution and service industries. The modern society where the prime energy source is electricity, the user does not tolerate power outages and other disturbances that impact their conveniences or life style. Social, environmental, right of way costs are aggregated by potential problems that hinder the construction of new transmission lines. Introduction of the deregulated energy market has further stressed the transmission grid because of maximized financial returns with minimum investment and deliver energy at a reasonable cost to the ultimate customer. One of the major problems associated with the today stressed system is voltage instability or voltage collapse. Voltage collapse is a process, which leads to a reduction of voltage in a significant portion of a power system. The tripping of trans- mission or generating equipment often triggers voltage collapse. [1]
Voltage instability is the inability of a power system to maintain voltage irrespective of the increase or decrease in load admittance and load power resulting in control of power and voltage. The process by which voltage instability leads to the loss of voltage in a significant part of a power system is called voltage collapse - the inability of a power system to operate not only in stable conditions.
A system enters into the unstable state when a disturbance (load increase, line outage or other system changes) causes the voltage drop quickly or to drift downward and, and automatic system controls fail to improve the voltage level. The voltage decay can take a few seconds to several minutes.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
Voltage instability analysis is important in power system in order to solve the power system instable state. This research focuses on the voltage instability analysis of the power system feeders at distribution network.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this work is to presents an innovative technique for loadflow calculations and voltage instability analysis of distribution networks
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The voltage instability analysis is carried out on the basis of single feeder comprising of two-bus system using ABCD line parameters. The feeder's voltage in distribution system has been monitored at lagging and leading load conditions for various power factors. Hence, the active power-voltage (PV) curve and reactive power-voltage (QV) are used as tools to monitor the voltage instability at feeders. The voltage critical, voltage regulation, voltage gap and line current are monitored at each load power factor.
1.5 CAUSES OF VOLTAGE STABILITY PROBLEMS
- High reactive power consumption at heavy loads
- Generating stations are too far from load centers
- Difference in transmission of reactive power under heavy loads
- Due to improper locations of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) controllers
- Poor coordination between multiple flexible alternating current transmission system controller
1.6 OUTCOMES OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY
- Loss of load in area
- Tripping of transmission lines
- Voltage collapse in the system
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