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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This work is on a monostable multivibrator. This is a type of multivibrator in which one of the states is stable, but the other state is unstable (transient). A trigger pulse causes the circuit to enter the unstable state. After entering the unstable state, the circuit will return to the stable state after a set time. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- AIM OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF MULTIVIBRATOR
2.2 TYPES OF MULTIVIBRATOR
2.3 DIFFERENT TYPE OF MONOSTABLE CONFIGURATION
2.4 DESCRIPTION OF 555 TIMERS IC
2.5 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF 555 TIMER IC
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BASICS OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 SYSTEM DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.5 THEORY OF RESISTOR
3.5 THEORY OF CAPACITOR
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
4.1 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.3 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.4 PACKAGING
4.5 MOUNTING PROCEDURE
4.6 RESULT
4.7 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state devices such as relaxation oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It consists of two amplifying devices (transistors, vacuum tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors or capacitors. The first multivibrator circuit, the astable multivibrator oscillator, was invented by Henri Abraham and Eugene Bloch during World War I.[4][5] They called their circuit a "multivibrator" because its output waveform was rich in harmonics.[6]
There are three types of multivibrator circuits are: Astable multivibrator, Monostable multivibrator and Bistable multivibrator. In this work we are focusing on a monostable A monostable multivibrator, also called a one shot, is an electronic circuit that generates an output pulse. When triggered, a pulse of pre-defined duration is produced. The circuit then returns to its stable state and produces no more output until triggered again.
Monostables may be considered as a biased form of multivibrator where it is stable in one state until triggered, then unstable and will return spontaneously.
If repeated application of the input pulse maintains the circuit in the unstable state, it is called a retriggerable monostable. If further trigger pulses do not affect the period, the circuit is a non-retriggerable monostable.
1.2 AIM / OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of the work is to design a multivibrator that has only one stable output state. After carrying out this work, the student involved will be able to:
- Design and build Monostable Multivibrator circuit using 555 Timer chip
- Produce a time delay within a circuit as the frequency of the output signal is always the same as that for the trigger pulse input
- Measure timing information (Pulse width / T_on) of the monostable output when triggered
The scope of this work covers building a monostable multivibrator circuit which is a circuit that has one stable state and one quasi stable state (astable state) using 555 timer. When an external trigger applied to the circuit, the multivibrator will jump to quasi stable state from stable state.
After the period of time it will automatically set back to the stable state, for returning to the stable state multivibrator does not require any external trigger. The time period to returning to stable state circuit is always depends on the passive elements in the circuit (resistor and capacitor values.
A mechanical analogy of a monostable device would be a momentary contact pushbutton switch, which spring-returns to its normal (stable) position when pressure is removed from its button actuator. Likewise, a standard wall (toggle) switch, such as the type used to turn lights on and off in a house, is a bistable device. It can latch in one of two modes: on or off.
All monostable multivibrators are timed devices. That is, their unstable output state will hold only for a certain minimum amount of time before returning to its stable state. With semiconductor monostable circuits, this timing function is typically accomplished through the use of resistors and capacitors, making use of the exponential charging rates of RC circuits.
1.4 SIGNIFICANACE OF THE PROJECT
The monostable multivibrators are used as timers, delay circuits, gated circuits etc
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Monostable multivibrator works with trigger. Monostable multivibrator switches on to an unstable state when trigger is applied.
1.6 APPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
Monostable Multivibrator can be used to simply trigger a circuit for a particular input. ie, in circuits involving Microcontrollers sensing particular parameters (touch, humidity etc.). Thus making the circuit respond to the inputs.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following list are terms associated with a timing pulse or waveform.
- Active HIGH – if the state change occurs from a “LOW” to a “HIGH” at the clock’s pulse rising edge or during the clock width.
- Active LOW – if the state change occurs from a “HIGH” to a “LOW” at the clock’s pulses falling edge.
- Duty Cycle – this is the ratio of the clock width to the clock period.
- Clock Width – this is the time during which the value of the clock signal is equal to a logic “1”, or HIGH.
- Clock Period – this is the time between successive transitions in the same direction, ie, between two rising or two falling edges.
- Clock Frequency – the clock frequency is the reciprocal of the clock period, frequency = 1/clock period. ( ƒ = 1/T ).
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construction of the circuit.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" were reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a monostable multivibrator" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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