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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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An FM transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.
FM transmitter is basically a VHF colipits oscillator capable of transmitting sound or music to any standard FM receiver. The circuit works on a D.C source which makes it for a pure rectification. FM transmitter also has a capacitor microphone which picks up very weak sound signals.
The FM transmitter was designed using transistors and other component such resistor, inductor and capacitors. This project transmits frequency on 100MHz± 5%. The transmitting distance is l00metres. It is powered with 5volt – 15volts D.C battery using suitable F.M receiver tuned to the transmitting frequency of this project. F.M Transmitter can be used as cordless microphones, mobile phone and for public address purposes. The distant of transmission is limited to 100m and fixed frequency of transmission, away from all other radio station. This gives best range and least interference.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.8 DEFINITION OF THE PROJECT
1.9 PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
2.2 REVIEW OF PARTS OF RADIO TRANSMITTER
2.3 REVIEW OF FM BROADCAST BANDS
2.4 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
2.5 PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS
2.6 REVIEW OF MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION
3.1 BASICS OF FM TRANSMITTER
3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN FM TRANSMITTER
3.3 FUNCTION OF FM TRANSMITTER BLOCK
3.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.5 CIRCUIT PARTS
3.6 CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.7 DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
4.6 SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING METHOD
4.7 COST ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters (Mielke et al., 2017). Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often have similar circuits.
The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter. This usage usually includes the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in (Mielke et al., 2017).
A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called modulation. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitter.
In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are used.
The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line (Horbatyi, 2010).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Summoning large number of people such as in a community or institution, especially when need of passing information across arises is always a difficult task. The traditional method of gathering people when information needs to be passing across is by using a time crier, and this involves much labour and is also time wasting. It was because of these challenges that radio transmission was invented.
FM transmission helped us to overcome from these detriments and therefore, can be used to pass information (news), transmit music, or audio signals and this may leads to rising the number of auditors to famous as well as classical music.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this work is to construct a device that will allow music or other audio content from a portable media player, CD player or other portable audio system to be played through a nearby FM radio. It can either be a capability built into a portable media player, or a portable appliance that plugs into the headphone jack or proprietary output port of a portable media player or video device. The sound is then broadcast through the transmitter on an FM broadcast band frequency and picked up by the receiver. The purpose is generally to allow portable audio devices to make use of the better sound quality of a home audio system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection between them.
The FM transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the audio output into an FM radio signal, which can then be picked up by appliances such as car or portable radios.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to build an FM transmitter which transmits a frequency modulated signal to an fm radio up to a distance of 2km. The objectives are:
- To broadcast signals on an FM broadcast band and picked up by the receiver.
- To review some modern digital technologies that has been developed for effective FM signal generation.
- To show the design and components of a FM transmitter
- To show the construction process of an electronically operated system known as FM transmitter capable of transmitting a frequency modulated signal.
The scope of this work covers building an FM radio transmitter, which allows listening music or any other audio message from CD player, portable media player or any other audio system which is used to be played by a nearby FM radio. FM transmitter consist of mice from where an audio signal is transmitted to different section of transmitter, after processing the signal from these section it will transmit through antenna and these signal catch by receiver side antenna.
1.6 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
FM transmitters used in many different environments. Some of the more popular uses are churches, sporting events, fitness centers, homes, cars, correctional facilities and holiday light shows. Other applications include
• Non-commercial broadcasting.
• Commercial broadcasting.
• Television audio.
• Public Service communications.
• Radio Service Communications.
• Point-to-point microwave links used by telecommunications companies.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The project signifies a lot in the electronic communication system which telecommunication is the vital aspect which is usually demonstrated through radio communication system the frequency modulation transmitter is applied in a lot of instance frequency modulation is used in FM radio stations scattered all over the country whose advantage is paramount compared to its counterpart AM modulation frequency modulation transmitted is equally used in a miniaturized from as wireless morpheme.
Working on this project shall serve as a means of learning how frequency modulation works.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
FM – Frequency Modulation
VHF – Very High Frequency (30MHz to 300MHz)
UHF – Ultra High Frequency (300MHz to 3GHz)
VFO – Variable Frequency Oscillator
VCO – Voltage Controlled Oscillator
PLL – Phase Locked Loop
Oscillator – device that generates a frequency
1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a 1km fm transmitter. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a 1km fm transmitter were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a 1km fm transmitter. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on "design and construction of an fm transmitter" were reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an fm transmitter" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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