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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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The underground cable system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault. The project uses the standard concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a series resistor (Cable lines), then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to inbuilt ADC of PIC controller to develop precise digital data for display in kilometers. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KM’s and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at a particular distance and the respective phase is displayed on a LCD interfaced to the PIC controller.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT EXPECTATION
- CAUSES OF FAULTS IN UNDERGROUND CABLES
- TYPES OF FAULT IN UNDERGROUND CABLES
- ADVANTAGES OF UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM
- DISADVANTAGES OF UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF CABLE FAULTS
- REVIEW OF UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULTS
- DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULT
- ELECTRICAL FAULT CALCULATION
- IMPEDANCE NOTATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- BLOCK EXPLANATION
- ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
- OPERATIONAL EXPLANATION OF THE CIRCUIT
CHAPTER FOUR
- TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
- OPERATING PROCEDURE
- OBSERVATION AND RESULT
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
More than 3 million miles of electrical cables are strung overhead across the country. Add to that at least 180 million telephone and cable TV lines, and it’s no wonder hurricanes, tornadoes, fires and ice storms are wreaking havoc on the electrical systems each year, causing utility outages that last days, weeks and longer. Power outages over extended periods present major health and safety concerns and economic losses. Concerns about the reliability of overhead lines, increases in their maintenance and operating costs, and issues of public safety and quality-of-life are leading more and more utilities and municipalities to the realization that converting overhead distribution lines to underground is the best way to provide high-quality service to their customers. For utility companies, undergrounding provides potential benefits through reduced operations and maintenance (O&M) costs, reduced tree trimming costs, less storm damage and reduced loss of day-to-day electricity sales when customers lose power after storms. Creative funding options are often available to make the goal of undergrounding a reality. The underground cable system is very important for distribution especially in metropolitan cities, airports and defense service.
One of the major limitations of underground cables is the fault detection. Since the cables are laid under the surface (directly or inside pressurized ducts), the visual methods of inspection don’t work effectively. This is not the case in Overhead Lines. In order to identify the faults in the cable, a device was design which does the work, which is the course of this work.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Till the last decades, a million miles of cables are threaded in the air across the country. But currently, it is laid in the underground, which is larger than an earlier method. Because, underground cables are not affected by any adverse weather conditions like pollution, heavy rainfall, snow, and storm, etc. But, when any problem occurs in cable, it is very difficult to find the exact location of the fault due to not knowing the exact location of the cable. Day by day, the world is becoming digitized so the project is proposed to find the location of the fault in a digital way. When the fault occurs, the process of repairing related to that particular cable is very difficult. The fault of the cable mainly occurs due to many reasons. They are: inconsistent, any defect, weakness of the cable, insulation failure, and breaking of the conductor. To overcome this problem, an underground cable fault distance locator, used to find the location of the fault for underground cable was built.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
AIM
The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base station in kilometers USING a PIC microcontroller.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives are:
- To find out the location of fault occurred in any phase in the underground cable system
- To eliminate human stress.
- To make a programmed counter to count the number of faults, respectively, occurring in each phase during the life span of the underground cable so that damaged cable can be replaced with a new cable of same length and characteristics after reaching the limit of predefined number of faults
- To study different kinds of underground cable fault
- Display the fault from kilometers apart via LCD
The expectation of this work is to build fault sensing circuit with a low voltage regulated power supply is performed. Here, the fault sensing circuit is developed using a combination of resistors and switches for each phase that is an equivalent model of an underground cable line, is interfaced to microcontroller with the help of internally inbuilt ADC for providing the digital data to microcontroller.
1.5 CAUSES OF FAULTS IN UNDERGROUND CABLES
Most of the faults occur when moisture enters the insulation. The paper insulation provided inside the cable is hygroscopic in nature. Other causes include mechanical injury during transportation, laying process or due to various stresses encountered by the cable during its working life. The lead sheath is also damaged frequently, usually due to the actions of atmospheric agents, soil and water or sometimes due to the mechanical damage and crystallization of lead through vibration.
1.6 TYPES OF FAULT IN UNDERGROUND CABLES
The most common types of fault that occur in underground cables are,
- Open circuit fault.
- Short circuit fault.
- Earth fault.
The same is repeated for other conductors taking two at a time. Earth fault When the conductor of a cable comes in contact with earth, it is called earth fault or ground fault. To identify this fault, one terminal of the megger is connected to the conductor and the other terminal connected to the earth. If the megger indicates zero reading, it means the conductor is earthed. The same procedure is repeated for other conductors of the cable.
1.6 ADVANTAGES OF UNDERGROUND CABLE SYSTEM
This includes aesthetics, higher public acceptance, and perceived benefits of protection against electromagnetic field radiation (which is still present in underground lines), fewer interruptions, and lower maintenance costs. Failure rates of overhead lines and underground cables vary widely, but typically underground cable outage rates are about half of their equivalent overhead line types. Potentially far fewer momentary interruptions occur from lightning, animals and tree branches falling on wires which de-energize a circuit and then re- energize it a moment later.
Primary benefits most often cited can be divided into four areas:
Potentially-Reduced Maintenance and Operating Costs:
- Lower storm restoration cost
- Lower tree-trimming cost
- Increased reliability during severe weather (wind- related storm damage will be greatly reduced for an underground system, and areas not subjected to flooding and storm surges experience minimal damage and interruption of electric service.
- Less damage during severe weather
- Far fewer momentary interruptions
- Improved utility relations regarding tree trimming Improved Public Safety:
- Fewer motor vehicle accidents
- Reduced live-wire contact injuries
- Fewer Fires Improved Property Values:
- Improved aesthetics (removal of unsightly poles and wires, enhanced tree canopies).
- Fewer structures impacting sidewalks
The main disadvantage is that the underground cables have higher initial cost and insulation problems at high voltages. Another main drawback is that, if a fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair the fault because the fault is invisible.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" were reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an underground cable fault detector" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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