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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project work is on the design and construction of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase power supply. It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; it also change over to generator if there is failure in all the three phases of the AC mains. The circuit also senses the restoration of any or all the three phases of the mains and changeover without any notice of power outage. This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years. Hence this has been achieved by the use of 1- of - 4 analogue multiplexers (CD4052), analogue to digital converter (ADC0804), AT89C51 microcontroller and relay switches.
Keywords: Microcontroller, LCD, Phase Selector, Transformer, Electricity, Relay.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- STATEMENT OF PPROBLEM
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.2 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.3 REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 SYSTEM DESIGN ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
3.2 GENERALIZED CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.3 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
3.4 DESIGN SIMULATION
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
4.2 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.3 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.4 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.5 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.6 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The aim of every electricity supply authority is to effect a continuous, efficient and reliable supply of power to the consumers. Where this aim is not achieved, there are usually erratic supplies of power which are evident in underdeveloped and developing countries like Nigeria. These regions experience fluctuation in power, phase interruption and sometimes total power failure which adversely affects the economic development. Most times, commercial and domestic houses experience damages in electrical appliances and downtimes as a result of the epileptic nature of power supply.
However, to ensure safe operation of these appliances, optimal performance of systems, reliability and continuity in utility power supply, there is increased need for automation of phase switch (during phase failure) between the utility power supply and the alternative channels (power failure) to backup the utility power supply. Electricity plays a very important role in the socio-economic and technological development of every nation. According to [1], electricity demand in Nigeria far exceeds the supply and the supply is epileptic in nature. The availability of steady and stable power supply facilitate economic and infrastructural development, wealth creation, job opportunities, and human/capital development of any nation [2]. Its wide ranging application can be found in industries, commercial and domestic appliances like water heater, water pumps, radio’s, television, fans etc, depends on public power supply which have technical problem in either the generation, transmission or distribution.
According to [3], electricity supply in Nigeria is characterized by frequent power failures and load shedding. Its either the three phases are unavailable or the supply in the three phases are not balanced (under-voltage or over-voltage). This has driven the Nigerian populace to seek for alternatives to her erratic power supply to improve its reliability and availability. This has resulted in individuals and organisations or investors purchase power generating sets, solar panel, inverter, thus increased number of power supply channels. The need for careful and smooth selection of a single channel at any particular time to feed the load without any notice of outage becomes paramount; hence, the need for an intelligent circuit.
Many manufacturing companies that use single phase equipments for their operation sometimes encounter challenges during unbalance voltages, overloads and under-voltages in public power supply such that time is dedicated in the changeover process. Also most homes, offices, churches etc that employ single phase power supply unit from the public distribution lines often experience phase failure or poor supply and the phase are manually changed. However, many inconveniences are felt during such phase change and as result can cause damages to appliances and system processes and procedures. The automatic phase selector and changeover switch can be used to overcome all these limitations.
In light of the above considerations, this work employed the characteristic properties of a microcontroller and other supporting components in the design and implementation of an automatic phase selector and change over switch. This design is an efficient system that accurately selects the best voltage/phase based on the programmed logic such that, at every particular point in time, the healthiest available phase from the public utility supply is feed to the load and the alternative channel can be engaged or selected to the load only when there is total power failure. The system provides a single phase through relays from the available channels. The microcontroller which is the logic centre of this circuit senses the 3 phases through a step down network. It is worthy to note that this programmed switching and phase selection is done in few microseconds without causing any blackout.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main aim of this work is to design a 200A device that will overcome power fluctuation phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment. The objectives are:
- To build a prototype of the device that will overcome power fluctuation phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment.
- To provide uninterrupted power supply at all times to all its consumers.
- To reduce human labour
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data. Auto phase selector unit for those equipment whose supply is single phase. The single phase supply is selected automatically from three phases supply.
Auto Phase Selector introduces an automatic solution to overcome power fluctuation \ phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment.
A power cut may have cut the heater off in the greenhouse, a fan off in a computer room, it may have caused a computer to fail, there are hundreds of reasons that you need to know if there is or has been a power failure. This device is designed to inform you when the power has failed.
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In every home, office or industries, automatic phase selector plays a vital role, that is, It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:
- Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
- Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
- Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required..
This work covers only a three phase automatic phase selector which can only be used for providing a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase and, which also give indication when power fails in the whole phases.
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of the project is to provide the supply for the single phase load from the one of the active phase of the 3-phase supply.
1.7 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Some common examples of entities that implement automatic switches out of necessity are: hospitals, data centers, jails and prisons, fire departments, defense organizations, and police departments.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHANGEOVER: Generally, a changeover switch is a system which could be operated manually or automatically , that changes one source of power supply to another source in case of power failure from either of the two sources.
RELAY: relay is one of the major components used in this work which is an electrical device, typically incorporating an electromagnet, which is activated by a current or signal in one circuit to open or close another circuit.
POWER FLUCTUATIONS: is a periodic dip or spikes in the electrical current of any given circuit.
POWER FAILURE: is a short- or long-term loss of the electric power to an area.
1.9 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this works is on the introduction to changeover switch. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of changeover switch with phase selector and power failure alarm were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of changeover switch. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" were reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and simulation of automatic phase selector and changeover switch for 3-phase supply" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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