TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
3. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
4. MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY
5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
6. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
7. PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

1. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
2. REVIEW OF SUBSTATION
3. COMPONENTS OF 3*300KVA, 11/0.415KV DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION

CHAPTER THREE
3.0      METHODOLOGY

1. STEPS IN IMPLENTING THE DESIGN OF 3x300KVA ,11/0.415KV SUBSTATION
2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

CHAPTER FOUR

 

 

CHAPTER ONE     
1.0                                                           INTRODUCTION     
1.1                                             BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Substations play key role in reliability of any electric power systems. At distribution level, it is use in dividing long power lines into smaller sections. This helps to reduce any interruption to the continuity of supply when a section is not functional or faulty or during maintenance work. Reliability is a major factor that influence power system design, planning and operation, particularly for substation. Substations are used for raising voltage level for transmission and stepping down for power distribution. Substation consists of power transformer, feeder pillars, switching, measurement, and protection and control devices to ensure safe and efficient operation (Johnson, 2015). 11/0.415 kV substations are common sight on streets and perform the function of distributing and coordinating power supply to specific group of consumers in a given neighborhood. 11/0.415kV substation is the final stage of electric power distribution system in Nigeria, as the circuits leaves the substation at 11/0.415 kV to enter consumers’ terminals. Much of the outages at distribution level occur at this final stage (Boknam, et al., 2007). Therefore, ensuring a very reliable operational substation at this final stage of power distribution is a very important issue. By identifying possible causes of failure and elimination will obviously help to improve reliability (Warwich, 2007). Most power outages are caused by storm and weather‐related damage to overhead distribution power lines. Heavy winds and storm can cause trees to touch power lines, contact of two phases and sometimes can cause lines and poles to break and fall. Animal contact (snake, lizard, bird), overloading, vehicular accidents, equipment failure, and human error also contribute to cause of power outages (US Department of Energy, 2012). Aging of equipment and installation; and use of substandard materials are other factor affecting effectiveness of power distribution systems. Reliability is a very broad concept and multiple of definitions abound in many literatures. In Engineering, Reliability is commonly defined as the probability that an item will perform a required function without failure under stated condition for a stated period of time. According to EPRI (2000), the goals of the power distribution system are covering the territory having sufficient capacity for peak demand and being able to operate under adverse conditions thereby providing a stable and quality voltage. However, to achieve these goals there must be a reliable or otherwise well designed substations between the generating stations and load centres. Therefore, this research considered the design of 11/0.415 kV substation to promote the best mode of practicing, sizing of substation elements and code of practice in order to achieve a substation that will meet the need of the end users. This research was motivated due to the existing substation, 3X300 kVA, 11/0.415kV, 50Hz experiencing frequent tripping and the concerned authority resulted into undesirable load shedding 10years ago. As a result of this, another substation was commissioned about 7years ago. Presently, the area is experiencing same problem of load shedding. The occupants of this substation are high caliber people which include a vice chancellor of a private university in Nigeria, a retired pharmacist of Federal University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria, a Managing Director and medical practitioner in Lagos State, a practicing consulting engineer and lecturer in a Nigeria Federal University, directors in the Lagos States coupled with the high concentration of the people where street lights are highly needed to reduce mischievous characters in the night. Loading of transformer at 60% to cater for future expansion is a necessity. Code recommends 25% future expansion of the load. It therefore means that 25% of the 60% loading yields 75% previous loading. This will allows moderate overloading  at 75% previous loading. The design in work is based on this philosophy. This will facilitates long life of the transformers or otherwise the substation. Apart from load shielding that motivated this work which was mentioned earlier, another motivation is inability of the author to design a 33/0.415 kV substation after 2years of obtaining his Master Degree when working with an international consulting firm. This bottleneck should be overcome with our first and second degree holders, thus the high motivation of this research.

1.2                                   PROBLEM STATEMENT
Most often when efforts are made to increase power generation and expand transmission systems, the power still does not get to the end users as expected. Disruption and technical losses abound. Both the supply authority and its customers suffer the socio-economic challenges, the only thing I think can be done is to critically look into our methods and of designing our substations. The importance of correct substation cannot be over emphasized as most of inhabitants in our society cannot even afford personal generator but rather depend on government supply of electricity in Nigeria.
This issue of incorrect design of distribution substation has caused so many people to look for alternate source of electricity power supply such as the so called “I-better pass my neighbor” which has been polluting our environment with exhausted fumes which is so dangerous and unfriendly to our lives, even this alternate source of electricity is being used in universities and other organizations. Nevertheless, since they need to carry out their day-day activities to fend for their needs, they cannot be banned. Painfully, anyone who cannot afford all these sorts of alternate sources of supply of electricity will unavoidably live in total black out and wallow in darkness, which is very common in Nigeria today.
Now, the only solution and option available for us is to start checking each part that contribute to our stages of supply of electricity step by step where the correct design of distribution substation (3X300kVA 11/0.415kV) plays a very paramount role hence it cannot be looked down upon.

1.3                 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
  Aim   The aim of this project is to design a 3X300kVA, 11/0.415kV substation and with respect to voltage and frequency deviation with maximum efficiency and at moderate running and maintenance cost. project These are the definite future desirable state or target I intend to achieve. The specific objective of this project is to:

1. to determine the load requirement.
2. to collect data of electrical loads used in the selected buildings so as to determine the power consumption
3. to determine the transformer rating for these selected buildings with estimated load.

1. to determine the size of the required conductors (cables ), earth conductor, circuit breaker panel

1. to determine the cost implication of running and maintaining a 3X300kVA,11/0.415kV substation

1. to recommend the best transformer for a town or industry from findings

1.4                             SCOPE OF STUDY
This report is limited to the design of 3X300kVA, 11/0.415kV electric power distribution substation.

1.5                                     MOTIVATION
  To ensure an effective electric power distribution to consumers by making proper planning before the establishment of 300kVA 11/0.415kV substation without violating voltage and frequency deviation and to make sure there is a high reliability in power supply according to the international standard.

1.6                                SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help to improve efficiency and allow future demand. This study will be of great benefit to all electrical students and electrical engineers by exposing them on how to substation are been made.

1.7                                     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Hence this project intends to:

1. Improve electric power distribution network
2. Recommend ways to reduce the rate at which electricity interruption
3. Prescribe solutions to minimize overloading and losses along the distribution line.

  1.8                                     PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study,  chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.

CLICK HERE FOR MORE RELATED TOPICS/MATERIAL