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DEDICATION
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This work discusses the frequency instability mechanism in modern power systems. It is revealed that the lack of damping and inertia together with the slow response of the frequency regulator should be responsible for frequency instability issues. As a result, three possible solutions targeting at damping enhancement, inertia emulation, and response acceleration are employed to effectively improve the system frequency stability. Finally, simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of theoretical analyses.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- DEFINITION OF FREQUENCY STABILITY
- RESEARCH QUESTION
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- REVIEW OF THE STUDY
- REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
- OVERVIEW OF FREQUENCY STABILITY
- CAUSES OF FREQUENCY STABILITY PROBLEMS
- MAJOR FREQUENCY DISTURBANCES
- POWER SYSTEM OPERATING STATES
- POWER SYSTEM BALANCE AND GRID FREQUENCY
- POWER FREQUENCY CONTROL
- IMPORTANCE OF FREQUENCY STABILITY
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
- FREQUENCY REGULATION FRAMEWORK AND STABILITY ANALYSIS
- METHODS FOR STABILITY IMRPOVEMENT
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
- SIMULATION RESULT
- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
For a stable and reliable electrical power system, several operational parameters must be maintained within tolerance levels. Both generation and demand depend on these parameters for their own stable and reliable operations. The most important parameters are system frequency and voltage. Frequency is a system-wide characteristic while voltage is a local feature. This report focuses on frequency stability issues in the United States. This report correlates the increased number of larger and longer-lasting frequency excursions with electricity market design and frequency control regulations. In order to make the connection between direct (technical) causes and indirect (non-technical) causes, both the physics of the problem and the regulatory environment (i.e., regulations, standards, and policies) must be understood first. The purely physical dimension of the issue can be broken down into the physical laws governing the frequency stability phenomenon and system control efforts responsible for maintaining the nominal system frequency. Similarly, the indirect effects of the regulatory environment can be broken down into the impact of policy on market design which in turn affects frequency stability and the regulations directly affecting frequency control practices. The report concludes with recommendations, covering both technical and policy aspects of the issue, to improve frequency stability in the NERC-regulated territory. Alternating current power transmission and distribution systems, generation, and demand equipment in the Nigeria are designed to operate at the nominal frequency of 50 Hz. Tight adherence to this target permits multiple generators to provide stable power to a single network. Large deviations from this frequency can cause network instability, and even small deviations can adversely affect sensitive end-use devices. The definition of what is a large and what is a small deviation depends on the system topology and the generation and demand conditions. Frequency deviations result from a mismatch between power supply and demand on a power network. If supply is insufficient to meet demand, the system frequency will decrease; if supply exceeds demand, frequency will increase. Over 100 Balancing Authorities nationwide are responsible for managing power flow between regions so that frequency will remain stable (NERC, 2019). Although almost all of the generators are synchronous generators set to generate 50 Hz electricity, the system frequency is rarely exactly 50 Hz. Small power mismatches cause small frequency deviations, which are expected and easily handled. Large frequency deviations can be a problem leading to equipment damage and even blackouts. Large frequency deviations are usually caused by sudden loss of generation but can also be caused by sudden, unexpected changes in demand. Frequency deviations of less than 0.05 Hz are usually considered small although these could be significant depending on the interconnection and even operating conditions. The IEEE recommends that frequencies within +/-0.036 Hz around the nominal frequency be considered as nominal (EPRI, 2009). Frequencies lower than 49.3 Hz automatically trigger the first level of under-frequency load shedding (UFLS). (EPRI, 2009) If the frequency drops below 47 Hz or rises above 51.8 Hz, during some time period, manufacturers could recommend that generators should be disconnected to prevent generator damage. These limits are not fixed and they depend on generator type and previous generator condition.( IEEE, 2014) The entire Nigerian electrical power system is partitioned into four interconnections that maintain their own frequency as close to 50 Hz as possible.
Unlike synchronous generators, power electronic converters can be controlled in a fast and flexible way. This inherent advantage of power electronic converters enables frequency oscillation damping and elimination of frequency instability issues. For illustration, three possible methods for stability improvement will be provided in this paper.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Frequency stability is refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following a severe disturbance between generation and load. The Supply of energy with an unstable frequency will cause damages consumer equipment. Frequency instability may lead to sustained frequency swings leading to tripping of generating units or loads. This study was carried out to design a system that is used to improve system stability in a power system.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to design a system that can be used to improve power system frequency stability. The objectives of the this study are:
- To have a stable and reliable electrical power system,
- To increased number of larger and longer-lasting frequency excursions with electricity market design and frequency control regulations.
- To ensure that electrical equipment are operating in a required frequency
- To carry out a simulation and experiment on frequency stability
“It refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following a severe disturbance between generation and load”. It depends on the ability to restore equilibrium between system generation and load, with minimum loss of load. Frequency instability may lead to sustained frequency swings leading to tripping of generating units or loads. “Power system stability can also be defined as ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most of the system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact” [IEEE TF report, 2018]. The disturbances mentioned in the definition could be faults, load changes, generator outages, line outages, voltage collapse or some combination of these. Power system stability can be broadly classified into rotor angle, voltage and frequency stability. Each of these three stabilities can be further classified into large disturbance or small disturbance, short term or long term.
During frequency excursions, the characteristic times of the processes and devices that are activated will range from fraction of seconds like under frequency control to several minutes, corresponding to the response of devices such as prime mover and hence frequency stability may be a short-term phenomenon or a long-term phenomenon. Though, stability is classified into rotor angle, voltage and frequency stability they need not be independent isolated events. A voltage collapse at a bus can lead to large excursions in rotor angle and frequency. Similarly, large frequency deviations can lead to large changes in voltage magnitude. Each component of the power system i.e. prime mover, generator rotor, generator stator, transformers, transmission lines, load, controlling devices and protection systems should be mathematically represented to assess the rotor angle, voltage and frequency stability through appropriate analysis tools. In fact entire power system can be represented by a set of Differential Algebraic Equations (DAE) through which system stability can be analyzed. In the next few Chapters we will be concentrating on power system components modeling for stability analysis (IEEE/CIGRE, 2014).
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
At the end of this work this research shall provide answers to the following questions:
- What causes frequency instability?
- What is the result of frequency and stability?
- What is frequency stability in power system?
- What causes frequency instability in a power system?
- What will happen if frequency is increased?
- What happens decreased frequency occurred?
This study will serve as an eye opener to all electrical students and engineers – it will help them to understand the meaning of frequency instability, factors responsible for frequency instability, and different ways of improving frequency instability.
1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related works on "design of power system with improved frequency stability" were reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design of power system with improved frequency stability" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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