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As the number of people using the Internet increases, a new dimension known as the Internet of Things (IoT) with boundless future has emerged; the Internet of Things (IoT) allows physical devices to exchange data between each other over the network without human-to-human or human-to- computer interaction, It is a tool for attaching intelligence to a variety of contemporary objects in houses, hospitals, buildings, vehicles, and even cities. Devices are becoming “smart” by using sensors that collect data for analysis in the cloud and/or locally, at the edge. IoT applications are already being applied in different sectors such as wearable devices, smart cities, energy management, manufacturing, agriculture etc. For example The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated areas of Health, which supports the use of IoT in the virtualization and personalization of health services. In this paper, we will look at the fundamentals of Internet of Things, IoT; which entails different architectures, elements, applications etc of IoT systems. As the investment in IoT continues to grow, more services and applications will be implemented to benefit humans and their surrounding environment.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT); IoT fundamentals; IoT architectures; IoT challenges and solutions.
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 Background of the study
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Methodology
1.5 Limitations of the study
1.6 Benefits of IoT
1.7 Internet of Things Fundamental Terms and Acronyms
1.8 Project Organisation
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 IoTWF Reference Model of IoT
2.2 Simplified Reference Model of IoT
2.3 IoT and Big Data
2.4.0 IoT and Cloud Computing
2.4.1 Driving Factors for the Integration of IoT and Cloud
2.5 IoT and Digitalization
2.6.0 IoT and Industry 4.0
2.6.1 Benefits of industry 4.0
2.7 review of related studies
2.8 IoT challenges
2.9 Target Audience of the Project Research
2.10 Fundamentals Characteristic of IoT
2.11 Components of Internet of Things
2.12 Working principle of IoT
CHAPTER THREE
FRAMEWORKS AND PLATFORMS
3.1 FIWARE
3.2 SmartThings
3.3 AWS IoT
3.4 Microsoft Azure IoT
3.4.1 Azure Internet of Things (IoT) Hub
3.4.2 Azure IoT Edge
3.4.3 Azure Stream Analytics
3.4.4 Azure Machine Learning
3.4.5 Azure Logic Apps
CHAPTER 4
IOT APPLICATIONS
4.1 Smart Agriculture
4.2 Logistics and Transportation
4.3 Smart Grid
4.4 Smart Building
4.5 Smart Factory
4.5.1 Current Manufacturing Model
4.5.2 Potential Use Cases
4.5.3 Major Challenges
4.6 Smart City
4.6.1 Smart City Layers
4.6.2 Applications of IoT in Smart City
4.7 IoT Business Implications and Opportunities
4.7.1 Component Supplier: Component Business
4.7.2 Complete Solution and Product Provider: Additional Revenue
4.7.3 IoT Customer: Optimization and Cost Reduction
4.7.4 Important Aspects of Implementation
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.0 Background of the study
Millions of people rely on the Internet for a variety of purposes, and it has become a fundamental necessity for many. As well as for leisure (movies, music, and games), many people rely on the Internet to carry out routine duties and requirements that they could not do.Internet of Things has been defined as the next logical stage of the Internet and its extension into the physical world. It is the broad connection of devices that can interact with each other and share data to a larger network, where the shared data can be leveraged to extract value. All devices must have unique identifiers and use embedded technologies to sense and gather data about themselves and their environment and transfer that data to other devices or other hosts. Then these data must be correlated and analyzed to inform more intelligent decisions. The technical challenges are appealing in themselves, but from an industrial and business perspective, IoT presents a grand opportunity to leverage previously unknown information and insight to transform and create industrial processes and business models. This reality is a much greater opportunity than a simple connection. Several companies have defined the Internet of Things in their own terms, and it is instructive to examine these terms to see the similarities and differences.
IBM defines the Internet of Things as "the concept of connecting any device (physical object) to the Internet and to other connected devices" [1]. IBM also writes that IoT refers to "the growing range of Internet-connected devices that capture or generate an enormous amount of information every day" [1].
SAP defines the Internet of Things as "the vast network of devices connected to the Internet, including smartphones, and tablets and almost anything with a sensor on it - cars, machines in production plants, jet engines, oil drills, wearable devices, and more. These things collect and exchange data" [2].
Gartner says "IoT is the network of physical objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external environment" [3].
The Bosch corporation defines the Internet of Things as file sharing, e-commerce, social media, and the glue that connects things and devices. The devices can range from sensors and security cameras to vehicles and production machines. The connection of devices results in data that opens up new insights, business models, and revenue streams. The insights can lead to new services complement ing conventional product business [4].
Oxford Dictionary summarizes loT as "a proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data."
IDC defines the Internet of Things as "a network of networks of uniquely identifiable endpoints that communicate without human interaction using IP connectivity (local or globally)" [5].
Due to rapid emergence and convergence of technologies, the definition of IoT is evolving, and thus there are several definitions of IoT from different points of view.
1.2 Problem statement
In the past, Communication was only limited to and from one person to another, automation and control was only by physical control and monitoring was also done by human beings. Because of human intervention and interaction, so much time is wasted, and much error occurs. Presently, the world is undergoing a dramatic rapid transformation from isolated systems to ubiquitous Internetbased-enabled ‘things’ capable of interacting each other and generating data that can be analyzed to extract valuable information due to the at can be analyzed to extract valuable information due to this highly interconnected global network structure known as Internet of Things.
IoT encourages the communication between devices, also famously known as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. Because of this, the physical devices are able to stay connected and hence the total transparency is available with lesser inefficiencies and greater quality.
Due to physical objects getting connected and controlled digitally and centrally with wireless infrastructure, there is a large amount of automation and control in the workings. Without human intervention, the machines are able to communicate with each other leading to faster and timely output.
The second most obvious advantage of IoT is monitoring. Knowing the exact quantity of supplies or the air quality in your home, can further provide more information that could not have previously been collected easily. For instance, knowing that you are low on milk or printer ink could save you another trip to the store in the near future.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The basic information regarding this Project Research is to familiarize with on the Fundamentals of Internet of Things, IoT and it focuses on the following objectives.
- In-depth understanding of the fundamentals of IoT basics
- Detailed overview of practical examples of IoT implementation in different industries and use cases
- Comprehensive understanding of opportunities, prerequisites, challenges, risks, and possibilities associated with the world of the Internet of Things.
1.4 Research Methodology
This entails the specific procedures I followed for collecting and analyzing data used in my Research work which is an integral part of it of which I adopted the Secondary Data Collection Method in which I obtained informations that has already been collected by various other researchers on related scientific studies.
This method was adopted so as to enable me collect data that spans longer timescales and broader geographical locations.
1.5 Limitations of the study.
This Research work does not cover the Insightful learning of the interplay between blockchain technology and Internet of Things owing to the fact that we are basically concerned with the fundamentals of IoT and less of Blockchain Technology.
1.6 Benefits of IoT
An organization that embraces the Internet of Things can expect greater safety. comfort, and efficiency. Hazardous environments and workspaces can be more carefully measured and the dangers more readily managed. The increased information about working conditions allows for decisions to improve comfort and consequently productivity, for example, a more localized thermostat can show the differences in the temperatures in specific offices. Adjustments for only those occupied spaces in temperature or lighting can lead to controlled energy costs and greater efficiency. Monotonous tasks can be automated, reducing downtime and yielding faster, more accurate, and greater results. Leveraging benefits like these can make the workplace more rewarding, and that improves employee satisfaction and retention and ultimately improved profits and reduces the necessary investment incurred by employee turnaround.A few more benefits of IoT can be listed as below:
- Efficiency: More information about work/operation processes and rich data sets obtained from connected sensors leads to process streamlining. IoT enables great data sharing, and then manipulating the data as needed helps systems to work more efficiently and make smarter, more informed decisions in real time.
- Transparency: IoT digitizes every process and enables physical objects to remain connected, providing greater transparency. For example, IoT sensors can identify the status of the products in a production line or the location of assets in a field and track inventory and parcels.
- Automation and control: IoT enables the connection and digital control of . physical objects, requiring extensive automation and control within the network. Without requiring human involvement, machines communicate with one another, resulting in more time-efficient output. Automation also ensures uniform comple tion of tasks and the quality of services provided. Human intervention may only be required in the case of an emergency.
- Accuracy: Monotonous tasks are automated, reducing downtime and errors.
- Monitoring: IoT provides the advantage of monitoring capabilities. Tracking supply quantities for business or monitoring the air quality of a home is easily accomplished and provides extensive information otherwise not easily obtained.
- For example, knowing that the printer is almost out of paper or that you are running low on coffee can enable a user to consolidate shopping and avoid extra trips to purchase supplies. In addition, monitoring product expiration dates
- Provide increased safety. Information: Access to additional information enables improved decision making in a diverse array of areas, from everyday decisions like choosing what to purchase at the market to determine if a business has enough inventory.
- Time: The integration of IoT has the potential to save large amounts of time,which is valuable to everyone. Safety and comfort: It can be difficult to imagine managing and monitoring hazardous environments requiring the consideration of multiple factors including human safety and optimizing the environment for productivity and comfort. Mundane tasks can be automated resulting in energy savings. For example, smart assembly lines can operate without human intervention and report errors immediately, resulting in greater productivity and less downtime. Automating monotonous tasks would also enable employees to engage in more rewarding work, resulting in increased employee satisfaction/retention and wider profit margins.
- Security: Security sensors (e.g., camera) as well as location-based sensors (such as GPS) have a significant ability to enhance security.
- Cost/money: The greatest advantage of loT is the amount of money saved. Fewer errors, higher employee retention, improved processes, and energy-efficient behavior all reduce costs. IoT will be more widely utilized as long as the cost of monitoring equipment is less than the potential cost savings. IoT integration is proving highly useful in daily life as appliances communicate with one another, conserving energy and reducing costs.
- Industry-specific view: IoT can revolutionize several industries, for instance:
- Targeted marketing: Greater information leads to individualized experiences. improving the interactions of customers with the company and bringing the company message to those more likely to become customers.
- Supply chain enhancements: Asset tracking and management, security, optimized logistics, and transport all reduce costs of lost inventory, waiting times and inventory mismatches.
- Health: Individuals can get more information about their own bodies (heart rate, hours of sleep, etc.) to help in maintenance or identifying health problems.
- Smart building: Workplace temperature, lighting, and air quality feedback can ensure a pleasant working environment, increasing satisfaction and productivity. In terms of security, connected cameras can detect the presence of unauthorized individuals.
1.6 Internet of Things Fundamental Terms and Acronyms
In this section, we review some fundamentals terms and explain how they relate to the Internet of Things.
- Machine to machine communication (M2M): M2M is network communication between devices using any channel. Originally, it was used in an industrial context, but has come to mean that communication used to transmit data to personal appliances. Internet of Things is also communications between devices. but is used to also refer to vertical software stacks that automate and manage communications between multiple devices, and therefore refers to communica tion on a larger scale. Table 1.1 highlights the key differences between IoT and M2M.
- Cyber-physical systems (CPS): The National Institute of Standards and Tech nology (NIST) has the following definition for CPS: "Cyber-Physical Systems comprise interacting digital, analog, physical and human components engi neered for function through integrated physics and logic. These systems will provide the foundation of our critical infrastructure, form the basis of emerging and future smart services, and improve our quality of life in many areas." Many manufacturing processes rely on cyber-physical systems as part of manufac turing. A cyber-physical system can also be found beyond manufacturing, for example, in the Smart Grid.
- Internet of Everything: Cisco invented this term to mean the "people, process, data and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable. turning information into actions that improve everything." This terminology was abandone sometime in 2017.
- Social Internet of Things (SloT): SloT refers to an IoT in which things are able to create a network of social relationships with one another independent of human intervention. Objects are able to begin constructing social relationships based on the object's profile, interests (ie., applications deployed, services used), and activities (ie., movements). These social relationships can also be organized around events causing their creation. For example, a co-work relationship can he created between objects that work together to generate a common loT appli cation, such as objects that cooperate with each other to provide telemedicine or emergency response. A parental relationship may exist between objects that have the same manufacturer, are of the same model, or were constructed within the same period because they are part of the same batch. Social relationships are created between objects that are in contact occasionally or continuously because the object owners are in contact, and a co-ownership relationship may be created between heterogeneous objects that are owned by the same user.
1.7 Project Organisation
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, Chapter Two presents the Architectures and Reference model of the study, Chapter Three discusses the Framework and Platforms of IoT, Chapter Four discusses the Applications, Business Implications and opportunities of IoT. Finally, Chapter Five summarizes the work,
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