DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN ILORIN METROPOLIS
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TITLE PAGE
DETERMINATION OF THE CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN ILORIN METROPOLIS
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 4
1.4 Justification of the Study 4
1.5 Scope of the Study 4
1.6 Proposed Methodology 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 5
2.1 Nigerian Steel Industry (Historical Development) 5
2.2 Engineering Materials and Properties 7
2.2.1 Cement and Concrete 8
2.2.2 Aggregates and Sand 8
2.2.4 Steel 9
2.2.3 Timber and Plywood 10
2.3 Strength of Materials 10
2.3.1 Stiffness 11
2.3.2 Elasticity 11
2.3.3 Ductility 11
2.3.4 Brittleness 12
2.3.5 Malleability 12
2.3.6 Toughness 12
2.3.7 Resilience 13
2.4 Stress and Strain 13
2.5 Steel Reinforcement 15
25.1 Grades and Strength 16
2.5.2 Types of Reinforcement 18
2.6 Prestressing Steel 19
2.7 Other Tests that can be Carried Out on Steel Reinforcement 20
2.7.1 Impact Test 20
2.7.2 Creep 21
2.7.3 Compression Test 22
2.7.4 Fatigue 23
2.8 Effect of Carbon Content 24
2.9 Effect of Tempering 25
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methodology 26
3.1 Measurement of Steel Bars 26
3.1.1 Micrometer Screw Gauge 26
3.2 Shaping of Specimen 28
3.2.1 Lathe Machine 28
3.3 Tensile Strength Test 28
3.3.1 The Tensometer 28
3.3.2 Principle of Operation 30
3.3.3 General Beam Specification 31
3.3.4 Metric Turned Tensile Test Pieces 32
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Steel is a man-made material containing 95% of iron. The remaining constituent are small amount of element derived from the raw-material use in the making of the steel, as well as other element added to improve certain characteristics or properties of the product (Marcus, 1964).
Steel reinforcement are used generally in the form of bars of circular cross-section in concrete structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of reinforcement to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of load. In steel reinforcement transverse is very important. They not only take care of structural reinforcement but also help main reinforcement remain in desired positions. They play a very significant role abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake etc.
As compare with concrete, steel is a high strength material. The useful strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as in compression i.e the mild strength, is of the order of 10 times compression strength. Reinforcement in concrete is used to absorb the tensile forces so that cracking which is inevitable in high strength concrete does not weaken the structure.
However, reinforcement is also used for resisting compression forces primarily where it is desired to reduce the cross- sectional dimensions of compression members, as in the lower floor columns of multi-story buildings. Even if no such necessity exist, a minimum amount of reinforcement is placed in all compression members to safe guard them against small accidental bending moment which might crack or fail an unreinforced member (George, 1979).
The most common types of reinforcing are in the form of round bars. The plain round mild steel bars manufactured in accordance with BS 5950 are required to have a characteristic strength in tension of 250N/mm2 with a minimum elongation of 22% accordingly; they are designed grade 250 by the standard.
Since steel is an engineering material, it is therefore necessary to talk about the strength of this material. The strength of material refers to the materials ability to resist an applied force. A materials strength is a function of engineering processes, and scientist employ a variety of strengthen mechanisms to alter the strength of a materials. The general understanding of the relationship between external forces applied to an engineering structures and resulting action of the members of structure can be achieved by studying the strength of the material (Brunch,1978).
Tensile strength measure the force required to pull a material. Tensile strength of a material is a limit state of tensile stress that lead to tensile fracture in the manner of ductile fracture, or in the manner of brittle fracture (Sudden breaking in two or more pieces with a load stress state).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to different researches carried out on collapsed buildings, many were based on the qualities of materials used. The materials which include, concrete and reinforcement are basically the composite materials which determine the strength and stability of a structure. Apart from the different mix ratios used in concrete which may not be accurately applied, there is more concern on the sizes and strengths of reinforcement used in the reinforced concrete structure. The reinforcement being the tensile materials in concrete, bears the tensile stresses on the structures and therefore determine the structures ability to withstand tension. The various concrete elements in buildings are column, beams, slabs, and foundation. If the required sizes and number of bars to be used in the structural elements are not used there will be defects on the structural elements.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim is to determine the characteristics strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in Ilorin metropolis with the following objectives:
- To verify the various sizes of mild steel available in the market comply with standard specification.
- To make recommendation based on the finding of this project.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
More often in Nigeria we have collapse of buildings several factors can be said to be responsible for a building to collapse. If steel reinforcement is not of standard strength it can cause failure and collapse of the structure. Hence, there is need to verify the strength of the mild steel sold in the market before use in structural work.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project will cover the laboratory test that will be carried out on various diameter of mild steel specimen to check for their characteristic strength, tensile strength test and physical examination of the diameter of various specimens would be carried out using Vanier caliper.
1.6 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The methods used in carrying out this project include procurement of material, preparation of specimens, testing of specimens, analysis of result, conclusion and recommendation.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "determination of the characteristic strength properties of mild steel reinforcement in ilorin metropolis" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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