BAMBOO LEAF ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete". Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
BAMBOO LEAF ASH AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT IN CONCRETE
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
Concrete is a major construction material, which is usually made by mixing cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate and sometimes admixtures in their right proportions. The use of waste materials with pozzolanic properties in concrete production is a becoming a worldwide practice. The assessment of the pozzolanic activity of cement replacement materials is becoming increasingly important because of the need for more sustainable cementing products. In this bamboo leaf Ash is used as partial replacement for cement in ranges of 5%, 10% 15%. Strength and durability tests were carried out to assess the feasibility of using bamboo leaf ash as partial replacement of cement in concrete.
This showed that BLAsh has no significant effect on the density of the concrete comparatively. The strength values at different ages for BLAsh replacements compare to be a bit favorable with the control of 0% BLAsh replacement. The optimum compressive strength of 20.00N/mm2 was obtained at 5% replacement at 28 days of age compared to the control of 20.00N/mm2. It is therefore advisable to use 5% replacement of BLAsh with cement paste when it is to be used as supplement to cement.
Table of contents
Contents Page
Title page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgment iii
Table of contents iv
List of Tables viii
List of Plates ix
List of figure x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Statement of the problem 3
1.2 Aim and objectives 4
1.3 Justification of the study 5
1.4 Scope and limitation of the work 5
1.5 Methodology 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Review of literature 7
2.1 Ingredient of concrete 9
2.1.1 Water 9
2.1.2 Aggregates 10
2.1.3 Cement 11
2.1.4 Admixtures 12
2.2 Bamboo leaf ash 14
2.3 Properties of concrete 15
2.3.1 Fresh concrete 15
2.3.2 Hardened concrete 16
2.4 Factors affecting strength of concrete 18
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 21
3.1 Material selection 21
3.1.1 Coir Ash 21
3.1.2 Coarse aggregate 23
3.1.3 Fine aggregate 23
3.1.4 Cement 23
3.2 Test of the constituent materials 23
3.2.1 Proportioning 24
3.2.2 Batching 24
3.2.3 Composition of the constituent materials
for the production of concrete 25
3.2.3 Mixing 27
3.2.4 Casting 28
3.2.5 Compaction 29
3.2.6 Curing 29
3.2.7 Crushing 30
3.3 Experimental Investigation 31
3.3.1 Laboratory Test 31
3.3.1.1 Sieves Analysis 31
3.3.1.2 Slump Test 33
3.3.1.4 Compressive strength of concrete 34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results and Discussion 36
4.1 Result of the Sieve analysis
(Particle Size Distribution) 36
4.2 Workability (Slump) Test 40
4.3 Density Test 40
4.4 Compressive Strength of the Hardened
Concrete Cubes 44
4.5 Discussion of Result 45
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 50
5.1 Conclusion 50
5.2 Recommendation 51
Reference 52
LIST OF PLATES
Plate: 3.1 Bamboo Leaf in it Natural Habitat 21
Plate:3.2 Burning of Bamboo Leaf (BLAsh) 22
Plate 3.3 Sieve Analysis Test on BLAsh 22
Plate 3.4 Mixing of Bamboo Leaf Ash with
Varying % of Cement, Fine Aggregate
and Coarse Aggregate 27
Plate: 3.5 Casting of Concrete Cubes with
BLAsh Replacements 28
Plate 3.6 Curing of Concrete Cubes 29
Plate 3.7 Compressive Strength Test on the Concrete Cubes 30
Plate 3.8 Slump of Test of BLAsh Concrete 33
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 3.1 COMPOSITION OF CONSTITUTENT
material for BLAsh concrete
at 0%,5%,10%,15% and 20% case 27
Table 4.1 The particle size distribution of sharp sand 36
Table 4.2 The Particle Size Distribution of Granite 39
Table 4.3 The Slump Value of The Fresh Concrete 40
Table 4.4 the Density of the Hardened Concrete
after 7 Days of Curing 41
Table 4.5 the Density of the Hardened Concrete
after 14 Days of Curing 41
Table 4.6 The Density of the Hardened Concrete
after 21 Days of Curing 22
Table 4.7 The Density of the Hardened Concrete
after 28 Days of Curing 43
Table 4.8 The Average Density of the Hardened Concrete 43
Table 4.9 Compressive Strength of the Hardened
Concrete after 7 Days 44
Table 4.10 Compressive Strength of the Hardened
Concrete after 14 Days 45
Table 4.11 Compressive Strength of the Hardened
Concrete after 21 Days 46
Table 4.12 Compressive Strength of the Hardened
Concrete after 28 Days 47
Table 4.13 Average Compressive Strength of
BLAsh Concrete at different Ages 28
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 4.1 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Sharp Sand 37
Figure 4.2 Particle Size Distribution Curve of Granite 39
Figure 4.3 Effects of BLAsh Replacement on
Concrete with respect to Days Curing 48
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite element consisting of aggregates enclosed in a matrix of cement paste including possible pozzolanic, has two major components-cement paste and aggregates. As a construction material, concrete can be in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. The strength of concrete depends upon the strength of these components, their deformation properties, and the adhesion between the paste and aggregate surface. With most natural aggregates, it is possible to make concrete up to 120KN/mm2 a compressive strength by improving the strength of the cement paste, which can be controlled through the choice of water-cement ratio, and type and dosage of admixtures (Dwivedi 2006).
The high cost of conventional construction material is a dominating factor affecting housing system around the world. This has necessitated research work into alternative materials in the construction field. Since the cost of cement is many times more than the cost of other ingredients in concrete making. Recently, attention is mainly directed to use of as little cement as possible constituent with adequate strength and durability. Little research has been carried out to study the bamboo leaf waste as a pozzolanic material. Dwivedi (2006) reported the reaction between calcium hydroxide (CH) and bamboo leaf ash for four hours of reaction using the differential scanning calorimetric (Dsc) technique. Singh et al (2000) discussed that eco friendly composite cements may be obtained by partial replacement of Portland cement (PPC) with low cost materials. They studied the hydration of bamboo leaf ash in a blended Portland cement. It was concluded that bamboo leaf ash is an effective pozzolanic materials. When 20 weight (wt) % of bamboo ash was mixed with PPC the compressive strength values of mortars at 28 day of hydration were found to be quiet comparable to those of PPC. Villar-cocina et al (2010) conducted a study on sugarcane leaf ash (SCLA). Hydration of 10 wt % SCLA composite Portland cement was studied by using powder x-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetric and other techniques. The result have show that the pozzolanic reaction of sugarcane leaf ash increases with time. They have been used to produce concrete having almost the same behavior as normal concrete.
In general, a pozzolanic material has little or no cementing properties. However, when it has a fine particle size, in the presence of moisture it can react with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to provide the cementing property. Bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) is one of the agro waste ashes whose chemical composition contains a large amount of silica and has high potential to be used as a cement replacement (Okere 2013). Most of the concrete produced today are a multi component product containing one or more admixtures in addition to the four basic components which is cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. For every component, one usually as several choices that could influence the cost of the end product and its behavior in service. Among the constituent components, however, cement or cementitious materials as a whole, play a vital role in producing strong and durable concrete. Utilization of these waste materials is a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems. Use of these also helps in reducing the cost of concrete production by reducing the quantity of cement used. Consequently, this study presents the suitability of using bamboo leaf ash (BLAsh) as a supplementary cementitious material. This work then investigates the effect of bamboo leaf Ash on the workability of fresh concrete and the compressive strength of added concrete.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
Concrete plays an important role in the beneficial use of the material in construction industry. Many modifications and developments have been made to place material like Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLAsh), wood wool, rice husk and marble powder as a cement replacement constituent, but it as an alternative to reveal that the replacement of Bamboo Leaf Ash (BLAsh), in Portland cement affect the compressive strength of concrete. One of the main goal of sustainable waste management is to maximize recycling and reuse. With increasing environmental pressure to reduce waste and pollution and to recycle as much as possible, the concrete industry has begun adopting a number of methods to achieve these goals.
One of the suggestions in the forefront has been the sourcing, development and use of alternative, non-conventional local construction materials including the possibility of using some agricultural wastes and residues as partial or full replacement of conventional constructional materials. In countries where abundant agricultural wastes are discharged, these wastes can be used as potential material or replacement material in construction industries.
This has a significant impact by reducing the amount of quarrying and landfill space required, and acts as a cement replacement, reduces the amount of cement of required to produce a solid concrete. As cement production creates massive quantities of carbon dioxide, cement replacement technology such as this will play an important role in future attempts to cut carbon dioxide emissions and production of economical optimum strength concrete, so as to encourage the use of this ‘impressive’ waste product as construction material in low-cost housing.
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this project is to study the compressive strength of concrete with cement partially replaced with bamboo leaf ash and the suitability of the material to be used as cement substitute
The objectives of the projects are:
- To determine the percentage of BLAsh as a replacement for cement of 5%,10%,15%,20%.
- To replace cement with known percentage of bamboo leaf ash and cast with it.
- To examine the workability of the fresh BLAsh concrete by slump test.
- To compare the strength of cubes cast at 100% of cement with cubes replaced with the known percentage of bamboo leaf.
- To suggest the use of bamboo leaf ash as alternative supplement to cement so as to reduce cost of construction.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY.
In Nigeria today, an appreciable percentage of the entire population cannot afford to build their own houses especially modern types due to high cost of cement and the average percentage of the country’s population find it difficult or almost impossible to afford the cost. In order to curb this act, this project is targeting whether bamboo leaf ash can be used as a partial replacement for cement in order to achieve optimum strength and economic concrete and the corresponding quantity of coir ash required.
- SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF WORK
This study concentrated on investigation of compressive strength of bamboo leaf (BLAsh) concrete and pure cement (100% of cement) as a control sample. The Laboratory Tests include sieve Analysis, specific gravity natural moisture content and water absorption of each aggregate sample. Each samples of concrete were design for grade 20 (as mix ratio 1:2:4) and water cement ratio (w/c) of 0.55. The control sample composed of 100% cement, fine Aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. Then, other four samples were of the same mix design with bamboo leaf ash as cement replacement that serves as an
Unconventional mixes which comprises of 5%, 10%,15% and 20% of the total weigh of ordinary Portland cement. These specimens (samples) were the comprehensive strength test with the use of Universal Testing Machine in accordance with BS1881:Part1:1983.
- METHODOLOGY.
In carrying out of the research work, the method adopted is in this sequence.
- Procurement of materials.
- Preparation of the bamboo leaf Ash.
- Testing of the materials.
- Casting of the cubes.
- Curing of the cubes.
- Testing for the compressive strength of the specimen.
1.6 Project Organisation
This work is divided into five chapters including this introduction. Chapter two is on the literature review and method of data collection are in chapter three. Results of findings are discussed in chapter four. The way forward is and conclusion in chapter five.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement of cement in concrete" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
