DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 2-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHTING SYSTEM
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 2-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHTING SYSTEM
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
This project work is on design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system. A 2-way Traffic light is signaling device positioned at 2-way road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.
The road construction safety traffic light system is designed to replace a manual traffic control on a road construction sites. This device can replace one or both flaggers during the two lane closures on the event of a road construction. The road construction safety traffic light system is considered one of the best devices in work zone traffic flow control systems. The device is a portable traffic light unit which can be best utilized in controlling traffic flow in a road construction site for long term or short term lane closures and to control two-way traffic in a single lane. By implementing new technologies in automating traffic flow in road construction site could possibly eliminate the usage of a conventional flagman at all times. The road construction safety traffic light system is a practical solution to solve problems which contribute towards hazards at road construction site and to be in line with the road safety regulation which is taken into granted by the contractors. The automated portable traffic light system can reduce direct costs in man power utilization and increase safety for the road users and construction workers by eliminating the need for a human flagmen. This system is applicable for public and privately funded road construction projects that require overnight or 24-hour traffic control as well as in different weather conditions.
The purpose of this project work is to design and construction a 2-way traffic light device that can be used to control the flow of traffic at 2-way road intersection.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- REVIEW OF 2-WAY JUNCTION
- TRAFFIC LIGHT MOUNTING
- TYPES OF TRAFFIC LIGHT
CHAPTER THREE
SYSTEM DESIGN
- DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCK
- SYSTEM DESIGN SPECIFICATION
- BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
- DESCRIPTION OF THE OVERALL OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM
- LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A 2-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
CHAPTER FOUR
- IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLET DESIGN
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
CHAPTER FIVE
- COST OF ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The trend in electronics is tending into digital electronics which make it possible for the birth of computers, digital communication systems like GSM, and industrial automation.
This is the main reason why we have chosen a project topic on the design and construction of an automatic 2-way traffic light control.
This system has always been right from the advent of digital electronics in Nigeria.
Our own project design is the miniature type that employs six (6) light emitting diodes (LED) as the visual display unit (VDU).
The entire system contains six (6) different plus the block that contains the light omitting diodes which makes it five (5) blocks altogether and also a power supply unit (PSU) that supplies the battery voltage.
At the input is an astable multivibrator (AMV) built using 555 timer that provides the intelligence clock signal that determines the timing based on what the time sequence generator interprets from the clock (10 ten decade counter). Then the binary corded decimal (BCD) output is now ored using discret junction diodes as OR gate such that an output is adapted using the functional behaviour of OR-gate into an inter-fase card that contains arrays of transistor switching circuit that switches the six (6) LEDS based on the timing sequencing such that three (3) LEDs for one lane, the other (3) goes for the other lane, which gives vehicles passing from one lane to another lane traffic signal so as to avoid accidents.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Before now, many clashes occur in roundabout and two-way clashing as a result of inability of the roundabout to contain the number of vehicle that approaches it and the driver ignorance and rash driving. This study came to address this issue. It is used to determine the capacity of a roundabout thereby providing more efficient traffic flow. The purpose of this project is to develop a series of systems model for traffic passing through a 2-way intersection, controlled by traffic light. We will assume that arrangement of traffic lights and road lanes is fixed and that the lights switch from red to green to amber in a regular repetitive pattern. Moreover, we assume that driver behavior is constrained by the road rules (we keep this part really simple) and the desire to avoid vehicle collisions.
1.3 DESIGN OBJECTIVE
The objective of this design is to create an electronic circuit using digital components and a few linear components such that a digital output is raised to control the traffic at 2-way junction using six (6) lamps rather light emitting diodes LEDS, where three (3) lamps or LEDs serves for one lane and t he other three (3) serves for the other lane. Among the three (3) LEDs one is Red, which signifies that vehicles should move. The second is green and it signifies that vehicles should stop. The third as amber which signifies vehicles should get ready to move.
The main objective of this traffic light controller is to provide sophisticated control and coordination to confirm that traffic moves as smoothly and safely as possible.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The primary purpose of the traffic light is to attain the safest and most efficient overall traffic flow possible. When properly timed, a traffic signal increases the traffic handling capacity of an intersection, and when installed under conditions that justify its use, a signal is a valuable device for improving the safety and efficiency of both pedestrian and vehicular traffic. In particular, signals may reduce certain types of accidents, most notably, right-angle (broadside) collisions.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The project design work signifies a lot in modern industrial electronics.
This design that replaced the manually used agent which is the traffic warden positioned at different traffic junctions.
In most developed towns in Nigeria, this system is employed at every 2-way junction, so that traffic jam or hold up will be highly controlled and also accidents at this junction are highly minimized.
In advance countries, the type of traffic light employed are inform of robot whose eyes serves as the visual display unit (VDU) when the traffic rule is violated the error detector is effected by the mechanical action of the robot.
1.6 PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
Traffic lights were designed to organize the way in which people and cars utilize an intersection, reducing accidents and encouraging the flow of traffic. However, many problems have been found in the traffic light system, from decreasing one type of accident while significantly increasing another to adding traffic to residential streets viz:Increase in Accidents
Traffic lights can “significantly increase” the number or rear-end collisions at an intersection. Rear-end collisions occur when one car stops and the vehicle behind him does not, colliding into the stopped car. The traffic signal works correctly for the car that actually stopped at the intersection. However, the second car either fails to recognize the stopped car or fails to stop at an appropriate distance to avoid the collision.
Delay
Traffic lights ensure vehicles proceed through the intersection in an orderly fashion. Before traffic lights, however, there was typically one street (out of the two that make up an intersection) that dominated. Once traffic lights were installed, the dominant street began to share equal time with its cross street. As a result, many areas began to experience congestion on one street during hours of heavy traffic, making traffic delays another disadvantage of traffic lights.
Diverted Congestion
To avoid congestion, drivers will use alternative routes, usually residential streets. This is another disadvantage of traffic lights. As drivers cut through residential areas to avoid the congested stoplight, the congestion on those streets increases, especially when intersections are regulated by a yield or two-way stop sign. The overload causes premature wear on residential streets and inconveniences residents of the area.
Civil Disobedience
Frustration with traffic lights is already high among drivers during hours of heavy congestion. Thus, a malfunctioning traffic light or one that stays on red for a few seconds longer than usual can often inflame drivers. The result is an increase in accidents from cars moving when the traffic light signals them to stop.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project makes use of LED lights for indication purpose and a ICs is used for auto changing of signal at specified range of time interval. LED lights gets automatically turns on and off by making corresponding port pin of the microcontroller “HIGH”.
This traffic light is made with the help of counter IC, which is mainly used for Sequential Circuits. We can also call it as Sequential Traffic Lights. Sequential Circuits are used to count the numbers in the series.
1.8 METHODOLOGY
Priority was given to the nature of the junction and how far away they are at different seasons of the year. A lot of design research was carried out on digital logic design and choice of digital families. Data books were consulted to make the most suitable choice of components at the most reasonable cost.
After the design, a market survey was conducted and some components used in the design were not obtainable in the market. Hence, alternative components had to be used and the circuit redesigned. The subsequent stage involves physically realizing the design work, constructing and packaging the entire circuitry on the frame. Finally, he work was given a fine finish and tested.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Terminologies are the first thing we should define before start the project. Because of the complexity of the intersection control system, terms can bring us better understanding of the properties.
Cycle: one complete sequence of signal indications
Phase: part of a cycle allocated to any combination of traffic movements receiving the right of way simultaneously during one or more intervals.
Conflict points: the potential points in a cycle that is possible to make collision.
Level of Service: is defined in terms of average stopped delay per vehicle for signalized intersection.
Queue: the total number of vehicle waiting at the intersection
1.10 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a 2-way traffic lighting system. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a 2-way traffic lighting system were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of a 2-way traffic lighting system. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a 2-way traffic lighting system" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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