DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 3-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHTING SYSTEM
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 3-WAY TRAFFIC LIGHTING SYSTEM
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " visible for everyone, then the complete material on"design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
This project work is on design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system. A 3-way Traffic light is signaling device positioned at 3-way road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.
The road construction safety traffic light system is designed to replace a manual traffic control on a road construction sites. This device can replace one or both flaggers during the two lane closures on the event of a road construction. The road construction safety traffic light system is considered one of the best devices in work zone traffic flow control systems. The device is a portable traffic light unit which can be best utilized in controlling traffic flow in a road construction site for long term or short term lane closures and to control two-way traffic in a single lane. By implementing new technologies in automating traffic flow in road construction site could possibly eliminate the usage of a conventional flagman at all times. The road construction safety traffic light system is a practical solution to solve problems which contribute towards hazards at road construction site and to be inline with the road safety regulation which is taken into granted by the contractors. The automated portable traffic light system can reduce direct costs in man power utilization and increase safety for the road users and construction workers by eliminating the need for a human flagmen. This system is applicable for public and privately funded road construction projects that require overnight or 24-hour traffic control as well as in different weather conditions.
The purpose of this project work is to design and construction a 3-way traffic light device that can be used to control the flow of traffic at 3-way road intersection.
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
LITERATURE REVIEW
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- REVIEW OF THREE-WAY JUNCTION
- TRAFFIC LIGHT MOUNTING
- TYPES OF TRAFFIC LIGHT
SYSTEM DESIGN
- DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCK
- SYSTEM DESIGN SPECIFICATION
- BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
- DESCRIPTION OF THE OVERALL OPERATION OF THE SYSTEM
- LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF A THREE WAY TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL
- IMPLEMENTATION, TESTING AND RESULTS
- COST OF ANALYSIS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the ever fast-growing world of business and technology today, there has become an increasing column of vehicles on every road in different place of the world. Traffic control light has become a very effective tool for sequential control of the teaming number of vehicles on the road to avert what would have been a recurrent saga of ghastly accidents at the junctions. There have been many ways of achieving this, uppermost among these being the employment of electronic monitoring circuits that which is controlled by presto clock [Williams, 2000].
In developed countries, the employment of traffic personnel who would be jumped up and down at the centre of the junction just for the motorists to acknowledge their rigorous signs has long come of age. In developing countries where 24 hours traffic flow is involved, many societies are adopting the usage of the traffic light control. The advantage offered by this method of traffic control cannot be over emphasized. For one, it offers a more advanced technology that is less prone to miscalculation and its regrettable occurrence. They stand out better at night, then offer illumination to the immediate surroundings which become important for security purpose and in general add to the entire aesthetic beauty of night life [Williams, 2000].
The technology behind the design may vary from place to place, but the fact remains that in all cases an electronic (logic) circuit is made to control a power circuit. The electronic logic circuit is normally composed of the basic digital components of electronic design which includes oscillators, timers, counters, decoders, microprocessors, etcetera, while the power circuit includes the lamps and the drivers circuits. The digital circuit is designed to give an output commensurate to the design choice. The power supply unit is designed to generate a steady supply voltage which is used to power the logic circuit [Williams, 2000].
The output consists of a series of lamps which are expected to light in a particular sequence depending on the design. By the logic circuit design, the lamps are made to come up in a particular sequence depending on the design with each colour meaning different motional status of the vehicles in that column [M.M. Mano, 1984].
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The traffic on our roads, especially intra-city traffic due to increasing number of cars grow by the day and unless adequate steps are taken to control the situation, we shall soon meet with circumstances we do not bargain for. That the innumerable traffic junctions in the country by far out-number the staff strength of the traffic wardens available and that the traffic wardens even where they are enough to control all the junctions cannot do so throughout the day is not in doubt. Traffic control at T-junctions or elsewhere ensures orderliness of movements of vehicles, goods and pedestrians while its absence strongly indicates chaos and most at times leads to accidents [Geocities.com, 2009].
In the light of the above, it is imperative to recognize the need to compliment the physical exhausting efforts of the traffic wardens. In doing so, steps to be taken should assume permanence in nature rather than any ad-hoc exercise. Such is the role expected to be played by an installed operational road junction traffic controller [Geocities.com, 2009].
This project –DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A THREE WAY JUNCTION TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER is such a device that will play significant role in controlling traffic at junctions to ease the expected increased rush at such junctions and reduce to minimum such disorderliness that may arise as well as allowing the pedestrians a right of the way at intervals rather than being struck down when in a hurry to cross the roads. Such an electrical system with a touch of electronics that controls the flow of traffic in a pre-determine sequential pattern at a junction has its diagram below with blocks representing distinct units. [Geocities.com, 2009]
The power supply unit provides the control unit with specified dc voltage from primary source, which is a 240v, 50Hz ac supply, from public power system. The pulse generator containing a timer generates pulse for the system. The clock or counter moderates the signal that enters the decoding logic system. The display unit of each stand consists of three bulbs Red in colour showing STOP, three bulbs Amber in colour showing GET READY and three bulbs Green in colour showing MOVE [David Millward, 2009].
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There are simply too many interactions in our road and because of the ignorance, speed and hasten mode of some drivers which leads to accident and congestion. The goal of any traffic control system is twofold: to optimize both the safety and efficiency of the system. Optimizing the safety of the system means minimizing the number of traffic collisions in it, and optimizing the efficiency of the system means minimizing the amount of traffic congestion and maximizing the traffic flow within the system.
1.3 AIM OF THE PROJECT
There is a rapid advancement in technology all over the world especially in developing country like Nigeria, the need for better ways of solving a problem keep coming up every day. Necessity is the mother of invention. It has become imperative for societies, companies, industries, business ventures, clubs etc to offer 24 hour service, hence thereby has to be a way of controlling the teaming column of vehicles which convey both individuals and goods to different destinations of that type. The most elegant way of directing the motorists is by the use of traffic light control. This type of control serves a dual purpose. In the day type it directs the vehicles, whereas it turns out to additionally illuminating the environment in the night, so that at very far distance, its effect is noticeably felt, conveying its message to an oncoming vehicle very far from the point. The project is therefore aimed at building a prototype three -way traffic light control circuit.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of the study includes:
- To investigate the practicality of the theoretical knowledge about these components to be used.
- To experiment on the compatibility of the working relation between components to be used.
- To investigate the extent to which the design and construction of the control unit can be useful to mankind.
- To investigate the immediate usefulness of the control system as complimentary to traffic wardens.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
At many of our busiest street and highway intersections, there are traffic lights - green for go, yellow or orange for caution as the lights change, red for stop. Primarily, the purpose is simply to facilitate the safe movement of cars, avoiding collisions.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The project design work signifies a lot in modern industrial electronics. This design that replaced the manually used agent which is the traffic warden positioned at different traffic junctions.
In most developed towns in Nigeria, this system is employed at every T-junction, so that traffic jam or hold up will be highly controlled and also accidents at this junction are highly minimized.
In advance countries, the type of traffic light employed are inform of robot whose eyes serves as the visual display unit (VDU) when the traffic rule is violated the error detector is effected by the mechanical action of the robot.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The scope of this project is to enlighten all electronics students on the use of microcontroller base traffic light (3-ways) and timer system in T-junction. On the practical usage it is limited to the laboratory used for reference purpose. The larger application of this project work is found in most of our mega cities like Abuja, Lagos, Calabar, Enugu etc, to control and manage heavy traffic congestion.
1.8 ADVATAGES OF THE PROJECT
- Traffic control signals provide for an orderly movement of traffic.
- They help in reducing the frequency of an accident of some special nature i.e. of right angles accidents.
- They intercept heavy traffic to allow other traffic to cross the road intersection safety.
- They provide authority to the drivers to move with confidence.
- They control the speed of vehicles on main as well as on secondary roads.
- They direct traffic on different routes without excessive congestion.
- The provide economy over manual control at the intersection.
1.9 PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT - Traffic control signals may result in a re-entrant collision of vehicles.
- They may cause a delay in the quick movement of traffic.
1.10 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT Cost of Traffic Signals: One of the important of traffic signals is the cost, especially when a less expensive stop sign will do. The cost of installing and maintaining a traffic signal varies, depending on the state. This device is only to be used in three-Lane traffic intersection
1.11 METHODOLOGY
Priority was given to the nature of the junction and how far away they are at different seasons of the year. A lot of design research was carried out on digital logic design and choice of digital families. Data books were consulted to make the most suitable choice of components at the most reasonable cost.
After the design, a market survey was conducted and some components used in the design were not obtainable in the market. Hence, alternative components had to be used and the circuit redesigned. The subsequent stage involves physically realizing the design work, constructing and packaging the entire circuitry on the frame. Finally, he work was given a fine finish and tested.
1.12 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to this study. In this chapter, the background, significance, scope, objective, aim, purpose, advantages, limitation and problem, of this work was discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of the study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a 3-way traffic lighting system " consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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