DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL CLOCK WITH CALENDAR
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DIGITAL CLOCK WITH CALENDAR
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
This project is aimed at explaining the Design and construction of a digital wall clock with calendar. It give report on how we can achieve this aim and the primary objective of this work is to bring a vibrant digital clock display to everyone located within the vicinity where the clock is being installed, and the importance of clock is to tell time and date, so you can meet up with events and assignments, these are just few importance of CLOCK. In developing countries, time is a very important element of life, maximizing it will give you a better achievement. We shall discuss on how you can design one in this report with a well narrated literature review for better understandings.
Also efforts were made in explaining the vital and important part of the design components and their functions in the project.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Table vii
List of Figure viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BRIEF DISCUSSION ON CLOCK 2
- AIM 2
- OBJECTIVES 2
- UNITS OF THE SYSTEM 3
1.3.1 HARDWARE PART 3
- SOFTWARE PART 3
CHAPTER TWO
- LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS 9
- STAGES IN THE EMBEDDED DIGITAL CLOCK WITH CALENDAR 9
- POWER SUPPLY UNIT 9
2.2.2 THE LOGIC UNIT 10
2.2.3 PROGRAM SECTIONS 11
2.2. CONTROL UNIT 15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS, AND CALCULATIONS 16
3.4 PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 THE CONSTRUCTION 24
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION 25
4.1.1 COMPONENTS 25
4.1.2 COMPONENT TESTING 25
4.1.3 ASSEMBLING OF COMPONENTS ON BREADBOARD 26
4.2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
4.3 THE SYSTEM OPERATION 27
4.3.1 CONTROLS 27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION 29
5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS 30
REFERENCES 31
APPENDIX 32
LIST OF TABLE
Table Title Pages
TABLE: 2.2.3 CONVERTING DIGITS TO SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY BITS 13
TABLE 4.2: VOLTAGE REGULATOR TEST RESULT 27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Pages
FIG.1.0 THE PIC16F877 INTERNAL STRUCTURE 1
FIG 2.0 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DIGITAL CLOCK WITH CALENDAR DISPLAY 8
FIG. 2.2.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT 10
FIG. 2.2.2 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT 11
FIG2.2.3 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY 12
FIG 2.2.4a MASKING OF SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY 14
FIG 2.2.4b SCANNING AND MULTIPLEXING OF SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY 14
FIG 3.0 BLOCKS DIAGRAM OF THE STAGES IN DIGITAL CLOCK WITH CALENDAR 16
FIG 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MCU CONFIGURATION WITH LED DISPLAY 16
FIG 3.2 EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR IN RC MODE 20
FIG. 3.3 RC OSCILLATOR 21
FIG 3.4 PROGRAMMING THE PIC 22
FIG 4.1.3 TESTING THE DISPLAY UNIT SEGMENTS 26
FIG 4.0 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL CLOCK WITH CALENDAR 28
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is a design and construction of a digital clock with calendar. The core component is the microcontroller PIC16f877. This device employs sequential circuit components. It consists of LED, seven segment display, transistor, voltage regulator, resistors and capacitor.
FIG.1.0 THE PIC16F877 INTERNAL STRUCTURE
1.1 BRIEF DISCUSSION ON CLOCK
A clock is an instrument to indicate, keep, and coordinate time. Today a clock “refers to any device for measuring and displaying the time”. The clock is one of the oldest human inventions, meeting the need to consistently measure interval of time shorter than the natural unit, the day, the month and the year. Devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia.
A digital clock is a type of clock that displays the time digitally (i.e. In numerals or other symbols), as opposed to an analog clock, where the time is indicated by the positions of rotating hands.
This clock counts seconds, minutes, hours, days, months and
years. Time and calendar is displayed on four separate seven segment LED displays, and is adjustable with three buttons at start time (up, down, set).
You can program the day of the week, hour and minute, day of the month and year.
- AIM
The aim of this project is to design and construct a digital clock with yearly calendar.
- OBJECTIVES
- To be able to understand the principle behind digital system display.
- To be able to interface micro controller with the display unit.
- To be able to display the date and time in digital format.
- UNITS OF THE SYSTEM
This digital clock with calendar model can be divided into two parts, the hardware and software. The hardware can be divided into several sections. This includes the power supply unit, the control unit and the display unit.
The software part can be broken down into the following sections. This includes the timing and counting unit, display decoder and scanning unit.
1.3.1 HARDWARE PART
- Power supply unit;
Power supply unit consist of transformer, bridge rectifier, filter capacitor, voltage regulator and back up battery.
- The control unit;
The control unit consists of a microcontroller, the PIC16F877. It controls by timing, counting and sending numeric code to be displayed to the seven segment display.
- The display unit;
The display is made up of ten seven segment displays, and ten NPN BJT transistors.
- SOFTWARE PART
- Timing unit;
The timing of the clock is achieved by assigning timer0 a special function registers in the microcontroller to timing. Timer0 is incremented at every four clock cycle of the microcontroller, when it runs to the end it causes interrupt that enables a general purpose registers to increment. When this registers count to a reference value, register linked to the seconds is increased. Timing starts with this register (seconds) which serves as input to other registers associated with other parts of the clock.
- Counting unit;
Each unit of the clock is linked to a general purpose register for counting purposes. There is a routine program that handles counting up for each of the clock units (refer to appendix for codes of routine program). The time taken for each increase is determined in the routine handling it. The output of each counter is binary and therefore needs to be converted to seven segment display format. Another routine is program to handle this (refer to appendix for routine program).
- Display decoder;
The display decoder is a program that converts binary coded decimal output of the counter to seven segment display format. The output of each counter is converted to numeric display equivalent using this decoder.
- Scanning unit;
In this project, the required number of terminals required can be estimated as follows;
Each 7 segment requires at least 7pins of the MCU, there are ten 7 segments in the circuit, therefore required pins of the MCU is 7 * 10 = 70 pins. Other pins required for proper functioning of the MCU are the 4 power supply pins, 2 oscillator pins, 1 MCLR pin making the total number of pins required = 70 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 77pins. The MCU has just 40pins and not all these pins are available, therefore there is need for the LEDs and the seven segments to be multiplexed (discussed in the next chapter). There is a routine that handles this part of the display in the program (refer to appendix).
METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construction of the circuit was carried out.
PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a digital clock with calendar" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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