DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC WARNING TRIANGLE
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN ELECTRONIC WARNING TRIANGLE
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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An improved structure of an electronics triangle which has many holes inside the triangle for plugging in the bright red LED's, said electronics warning triangle having a reflecting plate and a transparent plate together. The electronics triangle has tight washers to seal the holes containing the LED's to achieve the goal of a water-proof device. The LED's are series-parallel connected five by five so as to keep the electronics triangle shining.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
- APPLICATION OF THE STUDY
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- CAUTION TRIANGLE
- ROAD SIGNS
- ROAD SIGNS AND OTHER SAFETY DEVICES
- MULTIVIBRATORS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
- SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
- SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
- DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
- CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ANALYSIS
- CASING AND PACKAGING
- ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
- TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
- INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- RECOMMENDATION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to Benjamin (2016), warning sign is a type of sign which indicates a potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring Special attention. Some are traffic signs that indicate hazards on roads that may not be readily apparent to a driver.
While warning traffic sign designs vary, they usually take the shape of an equilateral triangle with a white background and thick red border. In the People's Republic of China (except for Macau and Hong Kong), they appear with a black border and a yellow background. In Sweden, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, Finland, Iceland, North Macedonia and Poland, they have a red border with an amber background. The polar bear warning sign in Svalbard recently changed from displaying a black bear on white background to a white bear on black background (both signs are triangular with a red border). Some countries (like France, Norway and Spain) that normally use a white background have adopted an orange or amber background for road work or construction signs. Warning signs in some countries have a diamond shape in place of the standard triangular shape, (Erikson, 2014).
Yearly, an average of 1.3 million people is killed and 50 million are injured due to road accidents (Eriksson, 2014). To address this, road signs are created to provide guideline, warnings and information on road-users to promote road safety. Thus, they have to effectively communicate to their readers by clearly delivering the messages they contain through their well-understood design. If signs fail to serve their purpose, safety is compromised. Given that misleading and misunderstood road signs contribute to road accidents and traffic violations around the world, identifying factors that contribute to how road-users comprehend the sign’s meaning could help address accident occurrence. An important factor when measuring comprehension is the comprehension level. Studies conducted by Zakowska (2004) and Shinar et. al (2012) have considered four categories in measuring a reader’s level of comprehension namely, completely correct, partially correct, incorrect and opposite of the correct answer.
The driver comprehension level is important in road safety. Ben-Bassat & Shinar (2006) did a study that focused on the ergonomic guidelines and how it affects comprehension levels as recommended in his past study on signage. Ergonomic Principles considered are: (1) Spatial Compatibility refers to the physical arrangement in space, relative to the position of information and directions. (2) Conceptual Compatibility refers to the extent to which the symbols present in the signage coincide with people’s associations. (3) Physical Representation refers to the extent where the sign’s symbol represents its reality. (4) Familiarity refers to the extent to which the drivers are able to recognize symbols based on their driving experience. (5) Standardization refers to the consistency of all the dimensions included in signs such as color and shape. Visual features in road signs have found to be influential in measuring icon effectiveness. A study by Chan & Ng (2008) has these visual features to be Color, Shape, Red Circle-Slash, and Icon Size. Color Feature not only catches attention to readers of signs but it also denotes the level of hazard in a road sign. Surround Shape Feature denotes level of hazard and gives conventional meanings. Red Circle-Slash Feature conveys negation on icons presented. Icon Size Feature enables readers to be able to see details of icons easily. In line with Chan and Ng’s (2008) research on visual features on effectiveness, it is seen how all these features is evident in regulatory road sign. The current standard on regulatory signs is composed of 4 kinds of surround shapes with 6 color features. The regulatory road signs contain the widest variety of surround shape and color features among all types of road signs.
Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones. Later, signs with directional arms were introduced, for example, the fingerposts in the United Kingdom and their wooden counterparts in Saxony, (Benjamin, 2016).
With traffic volumes increasing since the 1930s, many countries have adopted pictorial signs or otherwise simplified and standardized their signs to overcome language barriers, and enhance traffic safety. Such pictorial signs use symbols (often silhouettes) in place of words and are usually based on international protocols. Such signs were first developed in Europe, and have been adopted by most countries to varying degrees.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
When a motorist is travelling faster that about 120 km/h the distance at which he detects the difference in speed compared with a stationary vehicle will usually be too short for him to stop in time. Hence, this calls for the construction of an electronic triangle. Also in daytime, and on lighted roads at night, the approaching driver may be able to see from the position of the vehicle whether it is stationary or in motion. This may apply when the vehicle is on the verge or the hard shoulder. But if the vehicle is stationary on the carriageway it will often be impossible even in daytime to detect this far enough away. The foregoing shows the need for two warning systems. The warning sign for stationary vehicles on the carriageway must be used both in daytime and after dark. An electronic triangle that delivers red of that indicate red light are adjustable over a wide range. The most common output waveforms are sine, square, triangular, pulse-train wave’s, (Hartman, S. 2017).
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
Aim
The aim of this work is to construct an electronic triangle that can used both at night or day.
Objective
After designing the system will be able to solves the following objectives;
- Design and construction of an electronic triangle that can be used as a road sign.
- Design and construction of a triangle wave generator with minimum distortion.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The importance of triangle cannot be overemphasized, thus the need to construct one that is electronically powered which will be able to display light both at day or night arose. This will address the issues of road accidents, road signs are created to provide guideline, warnings and information on road-users to promote road safety.
This device is easy to assemble and dismantle, is in the aforesaid structure. The device reflects further than the traditional warning sign. It is mobile, water-proofed.
1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is used to provide an improved warning sign for:
- a car accident,
- a broken-down car
- a roadblock.
1.6 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design and calculation for the device was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construction of the circuit was carried out.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.7 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of an electronic warning triangle" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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