DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC CHANGE-OVER FOR THREE PHASES
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC CHANGE-OVER FOR THREE PHASES
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project work is on the design and construction of automatic changeoverfor 3-phase power supply. It provides a means of switching from one phase of AC mains to another in the case of failure in the existing phase; This project has been improved on the existing types of electromechanical device that has being in use over the years.
Hence this has been achieved by the use of operational amplifier, timing circuit and high current relay switches and it is powered by 12V dc power supply.
The aim of this work is to design and construct an Auto changeover introduces an automatic solution to overcome power fluctuation/phase interruption by selecting next most healthy available phase to feed the equipment without any notice of power outage.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- METHODOLOGY
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL PHASES
2.2 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE ELECTRIC POWER
2.3 REVIEW OF THREE PHASE GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
2.4 REVIEW OF THREE-PHASE LOADS
2.5 OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT TECHNOLOGY
2.6 REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS EXISTING SYSTEM
2.7 SUMMARY OF REVIEWED WORKS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 DESIGN EQUATIONS, ANALYSES AND CALCULATIONS
3.3 MATERIAL
3.4 IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.1 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 DIMENSION OF THE CASING
4.4 ECONOMIC OF THE PROJECT
4.5 PROJECT VIABILITY
4.6 RELIABILITY
4.7 MAINTAINABILITY
4.8 PROJECT EVALUATION
4.9 TESTING, TROUBLESHOOTING AND REMEDY
4.10 RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 DISCUSSION
5.2 SUMMARY
5.3 CONCLUSION
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Power instability in developing countries creates a need for automation of electrical power generation or alternative sources of power to back-up the utility supply. This automation is requiring as the rate of power outages become predominantly high. Research in the field of electrical electronics engineering has led to the tremendous discovers and inventions especially in the area of automation and power control. These invention have been useful in solving the over-in.
Creating problem posed by power generation, distribution and control, which has been a cause of concern especially in the third world countries (developing countries) like Nigeria. Most industrial and commercial process is dependents on electric power and if process of a change-over is manual, serious time is not only wasted but it creates room for human error (in the area of change over connections) which could result in great economic loss.
This project is all about the construction of an automatic generator change-over panel with timer which aids in the switching over to alternation power supply authority i.e.Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) popularly known as NEPA which is the main power regulating body in Nigeria. This project consist of circuit breakers, electromagnetic contactor which carry heavy load current relay which work with the principle of electromagnetic induction because it will receive electrical signal to trigger and neumatic timer all incorporated and interconnected to achieve the desire goal.
Also this project is constructed in such a way that provision is made for manually operation (it can be operated manually) when necessary for required for example, in the situation whereby voltage supplied by the authority (PHCN) is fluctuating and one may decided not to use it, so the constructed automatic change-over panel can be permanently switch to generator set temporarily pending the time that utility supply is stable moreover in the hospital where where surgery operations is needed to be carry out and power outage for even five second cause damages, one may decide to neglect the supply from authority (PHCN) and permanently switch the panel to manual operation pending the time or period by which surgery operation is completed. During the pending period this change-over will be working continuously in manual operation. Fill someone or the operation has to switch over to automatic operation. As said earlier, provision is made for these types of generation in this project and there is separate switch that performed the function.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Power failure or outage in a country, state or city is highly detrimental to development in public and private industries. The insecurity associated with constant or frequent power failure or outage brings about limitation to power consistent investments, thus hampering the development of industries and multinational ventures. Processes like carrying out surgical operations in hospitals, laboratories which require constant power supply for research, money transactions between banks and more require constant use of uninterrupted power. In other to solve this problem, an automatic changeover switch was invented. This research covers the design and construction of a single phase digital automatic power changeover. It has the capacity to automatically switch power from national grid to generator and vice versa, once there is power failure in any of the two power supplies and at the same time has the capacity of shutting down a generator set once the mains grid is been restored.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the project is to design and construction automatic change-over switch load from the mains power supply (PHCN) to a backup power supply (Generator) with simplicity.
The advantages of this project cannot be over emphasized, since outage is a major problem is the advent developing nations like Nigeria, for example, power failure of minute in an airport terminal can create losses that could run into millions of dollars due to loss in air traffic system control the ability for back-up to start and change-over automatically becomes imperative under such circumstances.
Also, this project could play a large role in the security in banks and companies i.e. an outage of up to ten minute in an organized setup is enough to do all the damage required with such an automatic change-over device in place the generator backup would no longer have to depend on security men and of course reduced fear of system breakdown in the companies there by ensuring smooth running of economics activities.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Basically, this project is a three phase automatic change-over device with the power capacity of 50KVA. Generator as deducted from my calculations it shows that generator of power rating ranging from 0.5KVA to 50KVA is required to be use for this project though the contacts of electromagnetic contactor relays and circuit breakers. Also the maximum load current should be between the ratings of 10A to 90A load current. Therefore the use of 10Amperes in this project is because of future extension.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this work is to provide a means of having uninterruptible power supply in our home, office, workshops or industries.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
Industries require three phases power to run their machinery. Some of them require continuous \ uninterrupted power to maintain their data.
Auto three phase power changeover introduces an automatic solution to overcome power interruption by automatically switching power from national grid to generator and vice versa
This automatic change over unit operates in three phase system. The automatic change over switch has the following advantages;
It minimizes damages to lives/equipment since it has its own monitoring system and its switching requires no human contact with the switch, thus eliminating human error.
It reduces its change over timing to the minimum due to its fast response to power outage.
It maintains high quality of service through its fast and prompt response.
Moreover, the size and captivity of the unit will depend upon the load for which it will be used. The unit is also portable, easy, convenient and safe to install.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
In the course of designing this project, different kinds of problem was notice such as:
- Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram
- Difficulty in connecting the output without the three phases short-circuiting, until a multiplexing circuit was gotten.
- Difficult in wiring because of the strong wiring the project required.
- This automatic change over unit operates in three phase system.
1.8 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
This device is used in the following places:
- home,
- office,
- worship places
- workshops or industries
1.9 METHODOLOGY
To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:
- Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.
- Draw a block diagram.
- Test for continuity of components and devices,
- Design and calculation for the changeover was carried out.
- Studying of various component used in circuit.
- Construct a digital changeover circuit.
- Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
POWER OUTAGE / POWER FAILURE: A power outage is the loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user.
AUTOMATIC CHANGEOVER is device that automatically transfers power from generator supply to PHCN supply when available and stops the generator without without human intervention
1.10 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design and construction of automatic change-over for three phases" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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