DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A BATTERY OPERATED SOLAR CHARGED BOOM SPRAYER
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TITLE PAGE
DESIGN, FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A BATTERY OPERATED SOLAR CHARGED BOOM SPRAYER
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This invention is about an agricultural pesticide sprayer, which uses solar energy as source of power for spraying. It consists of a solar panel of 20 W capacity, a 12V DC battery, charged by solar energy received by the solar panel, a DC motor, operated by the battery, a pump, to spray the pesticide and a tank to hold the pesticide (in the form of solution / liquid). The entire unit is portable and is operated by one labour. The discharge rate of the sprayer during laboratory and field conditions were measured, the average discharge rate during both laboratory test and field test were more or less same which was about 0.023 l/s (82.8 l/h). The performance evaluation of the sprayer was carried out for spraying in different crops viz., cotton, green gram, onion etc in farmer's fields. The walking speed of the operator is about 2.8 km/h and swath width of the sprayer is about 0.6 m, which corresponds to a theoretical field capacity of about 0.17 hectare per hour. The effective field capacity of the sprayer was observed to be 0.14 ha/h which corresponds to an average coverage of 1 ha/day of 8 hours operation. As the equipment does not use any other external source of power and that it is operated by the user himself, it reduces drudgery, is quite economical and eco-friendly as it uses solar energy which can be easily affordable by small and marginal farmers. Further, its power can also be used for multi-purpose applications such as charging the battery of mobile, operating the radio and lighting the domestic light etc., which makes it more economically viable technology.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Solar Energy and Deep Cycle Battery
1.2.1 Solar Energy
1.3 Definition of Sprayer
1.4 Statement of the Problem
1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Project
1.6 Justification of the Project
1.7 Scope of the Project
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Solar Energy
2.2 Solar cells
2.3 Different Types of Solar Panels
2.3.1 Flat Plate Collectors:
2.3.2 Focusing Collector consist
2.3.3 Solar Cells:
2.3.4 How Solar Panels Work:
2.5 Factors that influence the selection of solar panel
2.6 Methods of Controlling pests and Disease
2.6.1 Cultural control
2.6.2 Chemical control
2.6.3 Biological control
2.6.4 Mechanical control
2.7 Economic importance of pest and disease control (Spraying)
2.8 Crop Protection
2.9 Crop Protection Equipment
2.10 Classification of Crop Protection Equipment
2.10.1 Dusters
2.10.2 Sprayers
2.11.3 Classification of Sprayer
2.11.4 Manually Operated Sprayer
2.11.5 Components Parts of Sprayers
2.11.6 Types of Nozzles
2.11.7 Factors that affect sprayer performance
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Selection of Materials
3.2 Design consideration
3.3 Important Description of the Components Parts of the Sprayer.
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
Sprayers are devices that are specially designed to spray liquid quickly and easily. They come in a number of different varieties. A sprayer is used to cover large area such as lawns quickly and easily. A boom sprayer of this type is typically used for spraying chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides.
Along with proper plant selection and cure, controlling pests in lawn or garden is an important part of maintenance. Pesticide, insecticides, herbicides and fungicides should be limited where possible, but when necessary, they should be used responsibility. This is the major reason why crop protection is highly required by dealing with the destructive agents that that usually attack crops as: weeds, pests, insect, diseases e.t.c.
In the dynamic and post changing agricultural system of the country, especially diversification in the dropping particle and commercialization of agriculture, more equipments are required. The existing boom sprayer is operated by tractor.
Hence a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer is to be designed with a low weight compared with the existing boom sprayer which is operated by a tractor.
1.2 Solar Energy and Deep Cycle Battery
1.2.1 Solar Energy
From time immemorial, the sun has been the prime source of energy for life on earth. The solar energy is being used directly for purposes like drying curing agricultural produce, preserving food produce e.t.c.
Today the energy we derive from fuel-wood, petroleum, paraffin, hydro-electricity and foods originates indirectly from sun.
Solar energy is virtually inexhaustible. The total energy we receive from the sun far exceeds our energy demands. It is probably the most reliable source of energy available everywhere and to everyone, unlike other sources.
Ever since the industrial revolutions, human have been dependent on fuels, electricity and wind energy for development in many countries. There are various research work going on about solar energy.
Electricity can be converted from sunlight into direct current with the use of photovoltaic cell (PV). A photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight into direct current using the photovoltaic effect.
- Deep Cycle Battery
Batteries are the key component in various type of renewable energy systems that require the storage of electricity. A battery is essentially a storage vessel for electricity. It is a critical component heavily relied upon by the system as a whole. A battery bank can provide a relatively constant source of power when the grid is down, or during period when your photovoltaic system is not producing power. Although batteries are not one hundred percent efficient, they are predictable and stable enough for reliable long-term service. Batteries are basically the only method to store direct current (DC) power produced from source like solar panel, wind generators, micro-hydro or generators.
Deep Cycle Batteries are energy storage units or device in which a chemical reaction occurs that develops voltage and results in electricity. These batteries are designed to be cycled (discharged and recharged) many times. While a car battery is designed to deliver a burst of energy for a short time, a deep cycle battery provides power at a steady rate over a long period of time.
There are different types of deep cycle batteries such as; Flooded batteries, gel batteries, and AGM batteries (Absorbed Glass Mat); And more recently, Lithium – ion. All are made differently.
1.3 Definition of Sprayer
Merrian - webster’s define sprayer as the act of putting (something) on a surface or into the air using a special container that produces a stream of small drops of liquid.
Furthermore, in agricultural terms, sprayer is a piece of equipment that is used to apply herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers on agricultural crops or a device that convert mostly mechanical energy to hydraulic energy in order to atomize liquid chemicals into a spray fog for other pest, disease, insects or weed control on a given land.
1.4 Statement of the Problem
Traditional method of containing pests (i.e weeds, insects e.t.c) is tedious, energy saving and it is not effective therefore there is need to introduce small scale fabricate boom sprayer that will control the growth of pests (i.e weeds, insect e.t.c). Unlike the manual method (e.g Knapsack sprayer) which is usually mounted at the back of the operator with pump and nozzle being controlled by the use of both hands; which result to body pains and unpleasant feelings that can even lead to severe health problem after operation. This experience has brought the improvements of crops and invariably improve the yield from the field also the cost of using petroleum and electricity.
There is therefore the need for the design, fabrication and performance evaluations of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer.
1.5 Aims and Objectives of the Project
The Aims of this project is as follows:-
- To design and fabricate a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer
- To perform the evaluation of the battery operated solar charged boom sprayer in terms of spraying pattern, volume, time and area covered.
1.6 Justification of the Project
The concept of this project work would lead to the following advantages
- To improve the quantity of the crop planted
- To control the growth of pest not comporting with crops planted
- To reduce human labour on the field and discomfort
- To reduce the cost of weeding compared to lead method of weeding
- To improve working efficiency under different working conditions
1.7 Scope of the Project
This project work is limited to the design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar changed boom sprayer considering the following factors:-
- The speed of the machine
- The specific area covered per unit time
- The charging rate and time from the solar panel.
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CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "design, fabrication and performance evaluation of a battery operated solar charged boom sprayer" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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