EFFECT OF CRUSHED CONCRETE AS COARSE AGGREGATES IN PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
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TITLE PAGE
EFFECT OF CRUSHED CONCRETE AS COARSE AGGREGATES IN PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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In the face of a possible scarcity of natural aggregates in the future in line with sustainable construction, this research investigates the feasibility of the use of recycled coarse aggregates as an alternative to natural coarse aggregates in structural concrete. The recycled coarse aggregate used in the research was processed from waste concrete.The percentage of recycled coarseaggregates by weight of all in aggregates in the test mixes were 0%, 5% 10% 20% and 30 % respectively. The properties of both natural and recycled coarse aggregates and the fresh and hardened properties of both control and trial concrete mixes were investigated. The results showed that therecycled coarse aggregates had poor mechanical and physical properties. Aggregate Impact Value, Aggregate Crushing Value, Compressive strength were lowered with an increase in recycle aggregate content. The recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) had little influence on the hardened density of concrete and an increase in recycled aggregate content led to a decrease in capacity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLED PAGE
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF TABLE ix
LIST OF FIGURE x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the study1
1.1Problem Statement
1.2 Aim and Objectives
1.3 Justification of the study 4
1.4 Scope of the study 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Literature Review 6
2.1Crushed Aggregate Concrete
2.2Size Distribution
2.3 Classification of Aggregate 7
2.4 Sources of crushed Aggregates 8
2.5 Material Properties 9
2.5.1Water 9
2.5.2Cement 9
2.5.3 Fine Aggregate 10
CHAPTERTHREE: METHODOLOGY
3.0 Research Methodology 11
3.1 Slump test 11
3.2 Density test 12
3.3 Compressive strength Test 13
3.4 Aggregate Impact Value Test 13
3.5 Sieve Analysis 14
3.6 Water Absorption 14
3.6 Materials Used 14
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Results and Disucussion 15
4.1Aggregate Impact Value and Aggregate Crushing Value5
4.2Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate 17
4.2.1 Sieve Analysis 19
4.3Sieve Analysis of coarse Aggregate 21
4.4 Compressive strength of Natural Aggregate (Granite) 23
4.5 Water Absorption Rate 29
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Conclusion 30
5.1 Recommendation 30
Reference
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Proposed Mixes Proportions by weight 14
Table 4.1a: Aggregate Impact and Crushing Value Test 15
Table 4.1b: Aggregate Impact and Crushing Value Test 16
Table 4.2b: Below shows the particle size distribution of fine aggregate used. 17
Table 4.2c: Below shows the particle size distribution of coarse aggregate used 21
Table 4:3 Compressive Strength for Natural Aggregate 23
Table 4.4: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 5% replacement 24
Table 4.5: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 10% replacement 25
Table 4.6: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 20% replacement 26
Table 4.7: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 30% replacement 27
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Particle size distribution of fine aggregate 16
Figure 4.2: Particle size distribution of crushed concrete 18
Figure 4.3: Particle size distribution of Coarse Aggregate 22
Figure 4.4: Compressive Strength for Natural Aggregate 23
Figure 4.5: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 5% Replacement 24
Figure 4.6: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 10% Replacement 25
Figure 4.7: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 20% Replacement 26
Figure 4.8: Compressive Strength for Recycled Aggregate at 30% Replacement 27
Figure 4.9: Compressive Strength of Varied Percentage of Crushed Concrete 28
PLATES
Plate 1: Pictorial Illustration of workability of concrete 11
Plate 2: Determination of density of concrete 12
Plate 3: Testing of compressive strength of concrete
CHAPTER ONE
INTROUDUCTION
1.0 Background to the study
Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D) is produced during new construction, refurbishment or renovation of buildings. Demolition waste includes materials from complete building removal as well as partial removals when aspects of the buildings are retained. Construction and Demolition waste includes bricks, concrete, masonry, soil, rocks, lumber, paving materials glass, plastics, aluminum, steel, drywall (gypsum), plywood (formwork), plumbing fixtures, electrical, and roofing materials. Construction and Demolition waste will have increased from time to time proportionate with the development of the town and country. Thus, the necessity of finding appropriate solution to construction and Demolition waste destination must be clear. Reducing, reusing and recycling appear to be profitable alternatives that will increase the lifetime of landfills and reduce exploration of natural resources (Ryu, 2002).
Aggregate is a mixture of materials in the concrete mix. It is a mixture of basic material in which the content consists of three fourths of the concrete mix. In addition to the concrete mix materials are composed of water, cement and additives, if necessary. Because the total quantity of aggregate in a concrete mixture is large, the strength and durability of a concrete depends on the characteristics aggregate itself. Among the key features of an aggregate is the strength of compressive and bond strength, size, shape and surface, the permeability and reactions to chemicals. Besides the physical properties of an aggregate such as relative density, density loam, porosity and absorption of moisture, soundness and resistance to acid and alkali attack also affect the strength. Although however, it is known that concrete strength decreases with increasing water ratio and the ratio of the design in terms of a ratio of cement to aggregate. (Athanas, 2011).
Aggregates can be classified into two classes of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate (sand). Classification is based on the aggregate size where the size of the aggregate Gross is more than 5.0 mm while the size of the fine aggregate shall not exceed 5.0 mm. in concrete mixture, the quantity of both is different classes of aggregate based on the desired design strength of concrete. Normally, the strength of a concrete can be determined through water content and the quality of cement. Besides other conditions that affect the catalyst, temperature, type of mould and more. For the aggregate size, it affects concrete strength indirectly. Up to now be used in aggregate for produce concrete is appropriate use of concrete. Here, the possibility of new aggregates exist and need to be tested to ensure use appropriate or at least have a function similar to the existing aggregate. In Malaysia, the construction waste has course a significant impact on the environment and also increasing the concern a significant impact on the environment and also increasing the concern of the society (Chetna, 2006).
1.1Problem Statement
The main problem of this is to determine whether these crushed concrete can be re-used for construction or for production of new concrete.
Construction and Demolition materials can be recovered through reuse and recycling. The choice of what and how construction and demolition materials can be recovered depends on many factors including type of project, working area and space on the site, cost effectiveness of recovery, project timeline and experience of contractor (Limbachiya, 2000). Many building materials from demolition projects and can be reused as part of the materials to construct a new building for a new project, which will then, involve both the construction and demolition activities. In order to ensure that certain building materials from demolition activities may be reusable, the planners or designer should design the new building with the same size and types of materials as in the old construction.
One of the major challenges of our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction of the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials. These topics are getting considerable attention under sustainable development nowadays. The use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes is showing prospective application in construction as alternative to primary (natural) aggregates. It conserves natural resources and reduces the space required for the landfill disposal.
1.2AIM ANDOBJECTIVES
Aim:
The aim of this research work is to investigate the impact of crushed concrete in production of new concrete.
Objectives:
- To determine the physical and mechanical properties of aggregate.
- To investigate the influence of varying percentage of crushed concrete on the mechanical properties of concrete.
1.3JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
In recent years, concrete has diversified its production. Condition this affects the aggregate consumption indirectly. In addition, demand against increasing the concrete economic conditions are good with increase of aggregate demand. In these situations, it is not appropriate to rely on one source of aggregate with continuing increase in demand and it will cause the shortage by natural aggregate in future. Thus, several alternatives should be established for the preparation of the possible effects on the aggregate demand in the future.
There are few studies have undertaken to produce a new aggregate. Most of the newly generated aggregate consists of waste materials such as glass, tires, broken bricks, concrete and other waste again and some of the results of this study have been practiced in the construction industry.
Therefore, this study examined the effectiveness of the use of crushed concrete produced from concrete waste in order to test the suitability and strength. It is hoped that this study will be the beginning of efforts to use recycled aggregate in construction material in the future.
1.4SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this research work is to determine the effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregate in the production of new concrete.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "effect of crushed concrete as coarse aggregates in production of concrete" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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