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TITLE PAGE

ESTIMATING SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK FROM IN-SITU REBOUND VALUES

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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The research deals with estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound value in Oreke open pit quarry ,N-Type  Schmidt rebound hammer data were collected from Oreke open pit .the data were collected with the view to ascertain the suitability of Schmidt hammer for quick ,cheap and less cumber some estimation of the uniaxial compressive strength of marble .The data collection was strictly carried out by ASTM and suggested equation by different authors.UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH,DENSITY,YOUNG MODULUS were determined using value conversion graph.UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH for location 1 was 70MPa which mean the rock is medium in classification and location 2 and 3 was 55MPa which also mean the rock marble medium is classification and typical rock, type is competent metamorphic  rock.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                                                                    i
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0           INTRODUCTION
1.1           AIM AND OBJECTIVES.
1.2           STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3           SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.4           JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.5           LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA

CHAPTER TWO
2.0           LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1           CONCEPT OF SCHMIDT REBOUND HAMMER
2.2           GEOLOGICAL FORMATION OF MARBLE
2.3           MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MARBLE

CHAPTER THREE
3.0           RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (DESK WORK)
3.1           DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY
3.2           PROCEDURE FOR COLLECTING REBOUND HAMMER VALUE
3.3           CONVERTED FROM N – L TYPE DATA
3.4           ESTIMATING UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MARBLE (UCS)
3.5           ESTIMATING OF DENSITY
3.6           ESTIMATING OF YOUNG’S MODULUS

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0           RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1           RESULTS
4.1.1       DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY
4.1.2       PROCESSING PROCEDURE
4.1.3       CONVERTED FROM N-TYPE TO L-TYPE DATA
4.1.4       ESTIMATION UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
4.1.5       ESTIMATED DENSITY
4.2           ESTIMATED YOUNGʹS MODULUS
4.3           DISCUSSION

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0           CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1         CONCLUSION
5.2         RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES                                                                                                                                PAGE
 4.1: Determination of Bulk Density for Location 1;
4.2: Density Test Result for Location 2
 4.3: Density Test Result for Location 3
 4.4: Field Rebound Values
 4.5: Standard Procedure of Bulk Density Determination
 4.6: Standard for Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES                                                                                                                            PAGES
1: Details of an L type Schmidt hammer
2: Conversion Graph

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Rock mechanics engineers design structures built in rock for various purposes,   and therefore need to determine the properties and behavior of the rock. The UCS of rocks is one of the important input parameters used in rock engineering projects such as design of underground spaces, rock blasting, drilling, slope stability analysis, excavations and many other civil and mining operations. ISRM (1981) testing of this mechanical property in the laboratory is a simple procedure in theory but in practice, it is among the most expensive and time-consuming tests. This calls for transportation of the rock to the laboratory, sample preparation and testing based on the international standards. In order to carry out these standard tests, special samples, such as cylindrical core or cubical samples, need to be prepared. Preparing core samples is difficult, expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, the preparation of regular-shaped samples from weak or fractured rock masses is also difficult.  Under these circumstances, the application of other simple and low-cost methods to carry out the above tasks with acceptable reliability and accuracy will be important. Therefore, indirect tests are often used to estimate the UCS, such as Schmidt hammer, point load index and sound velocity. Indirect tests are simpler, require less preparation and can be adapted more easily to field testing (Feneret al. 2005).
The Schmidt hammer rebound hardness test is a simple and non-destructive test originally developed in 1948 for a quick measurement of USC and later was extended to estimate the hardness and strength of rock. The mechanism of operation is simple: a hammer released by a spring, indirectly impacts against the rock surface through a plunger and the rebound distance of the hammer is then red directly from the numerical scale or electronic display ranging from 10 to 100. In other words, the rebound distance of the hammer mass that strikes the rock through the plunger and under the force of a spring, indicates the rebound hardness. Obviously, the harder the surface, the higher the rebound distances. (Torabiet al. 2010; Schmidt, 1951).

1.1       AIM AND OBJECTIVES.

Aim
The aim is to estimate some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ using Schmidt rebound hammer.
Objectives
To determine the mechanical properties of marble deposit.
To determine it suitability for industrial purposes

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

            Collapse ,cracking of building and pot hole in roads has been an issue of concern in construction industries which may be caused due to lack of understanding and characteristic of rock lead to pre-failure and post failure so estimating will help to determine its utility and application

1.3       SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

            To test for mechanical properties of Marble in Oreke using parameters such as Universal Compressive Strength, Young modulus, density etc with the aid of Schmidt rebound hammer.

1.4       JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

In determining the mechanical properties of marble with the constructed machine, so as to serve has a model for student in mineral exploration and relevant field of engineering which could serve as a guide to educate student by acquiring practical knowledge on how the Schmidt rebound hammer is being use and detailed maintenance.

1.5       LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA

Oreke is about 120km south east of Ilorin, Kwara State. It is located at Ifelodun Area in Kwara State at Ire district, the senatorial district is known South. The marble site is about 4.5km South East of Oreke, about 2km access road from the site heads to Oreke Ore Ago road, Oreke is 2.5km from the access road.

Marblein Oreke is strictly dolomite, Orekemarble deposit covers up to 7 cadastral unit. A cadastral unit is about 450 metres. Abdulfatah, 2016.

1.6                                        Project Organisation

This work is divided into five chapters including this introduction. Chapter two is on the literature review and method of data collection are in chapter three. Results of findings are discussed in chapter four. The way forward is and conclusion in chapter five.

 

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CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "estimating some mechanical properties of rock from in-situ rebound values" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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