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TITLE PAGE

FACTORS OR PROBLEMS MILITATING AGAINST THE TAX ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION IN NIGERIA

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
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Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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The study examined the issues and challenges inherent in the Nigerian tax system. The theoretical framework approach was adopted in this study. The Nigerian tax system is designed as a means of income generation. The three tiers of government have the responsibility of tax administration in Nigeria. Nigeria tax system is confronted with many issues and challenges such as multiplicity of taxes, bad administration, non-availability of database, tax touting, complex nature of the Nigerian tax laws, minimum tax, commencement, change of accounting date and cessation, and non-payment of tax refunds. The way forward includes streamlining collection mechanism, ensuring good, effective and efficient tax administration, introduction of tax technology, tax awareness and communication, simplifying the tax laws and abolishing some, refund of taxes overpaid, independent of tax authorities (boards of internal revenue), addressing the issue of corruption among tax officials, strengthening of tax audit, establishing special courts to handle tax issues, and stiffer penalty for tax evasion and other tax offences.

TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0   INTRODUCTION
1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER TWO
2.0   REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1   INTRODUCTION
2.2 WHAT IS TAXATION
2.3 PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
2.4 TYPES OF TAX
2.5 BRIEF HISTORY OF TAX IN NIGERIA
2.6 TAX ADMINSTRATION IN NIGERIA
2.7 TAX LEGISLATION IN NIGERIA
2.8 REASONS FOR IMPOSITION OF TAX
2.9 FUNCTIONS OF TAXATION
2.10 EFFECTS OF TAXATION
2.11 TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION
2.12 CAUSES OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION
2.13 EFFECT OF TAX EVASION AND TAX AVOIDANCE ON THE ECONOMY
2.14 METHOD OF TAX AVOIDANCE AND EVASION

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 SOURCE OF DATA
3.3 DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE
3.4 AREA OF STUDY
3.5 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.6 SAMPLING PROCEDURE AND SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION
3.7 RELIABILITY TEST
3.8 VALIDITY TEST
3.9 TECHINIQUE FOR DATA ANALYSIS
3.9.1 DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DF)

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 INTRODUCTION
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND RESULT
4.2 ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONS

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

CHAPTER ONE
1.0   INTRODUCTION
1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Tax is a financial issue and its payment is a civil duty. It is the imposition of a financial burden for the government on individual firm and companies. In general based, the word tax means any contribution imposed by the government upon individual and companies for the use of government to provide facilities or services as rendered by the state. It is not a voluntary payment or donation but an enforced contribution made on the pronouncement or directive of legislative authorities.
Osita (2004:1) stated that taxation may be defined as the compulsory levy by the government through her various agencies on the income of an employee, capital or on other subjects such as salaries, business profits, interest, dividends, commission regularities, rent etc.
However, It could be said that there are three main methods of financial economic expedition opened to meet developing countries. These are:-
(a) LOANS
(b) GRANT
(c) TAX AND OTHER CURRENT RECEIPT
Out Of these sources, tax is perhaps the most important since the level of government expenditure is to a great extent dependent on the ability of the tax system to generate the required revenue at the disposal of the government.
In spite of this benefit from tax most people still indulge in tax evasion and avoidance. Attempt to avoid some portion of liability or not to pay tax will affect the revenue of the government that is the reason why the government frowns at the issue of tax evasion and avoidance by using her authorities to enforce compliance.
ARONOMOLE and OLUWALAYODE (2006:39). Define tax avoidance as legal ways by which a tax payer reduces in tax liabilities.  Tax evasion is a deliberate on the part of the tax payers to reduce their tax liabilities through illegal means or an attempt not to pay tax due.
The distinction between this tax avoidance and tax evasion is that tax avoidance is not considered a criminal offence where as tax evasion is a criminal offence.
According to ANYAELE (1990:225) a tax may be defined as a compulsory contribution imposed by a government authority on goods, individual and co-operate bodies irrespective of the exact amount of services rendered to the tax payer in return and not imposed as a penalty for our legal offence. Both direct and indirect taxes are collected for the government inform of income tax, excise duty, import and export duties. Purchase and sales taxes and so on help the government to generate a lot of revenue for the smooth running of government’s administration.
Moreover, there are two elements in every form of taxation and these are the BASE AND RATE. The tax base is the object which is taxed or a measure of the private sector income or wealth that can be taxed, while the tax rate is the percentage of the measured amount taken off from the tax base. In this case the money realized from it is used to provide social services, so that everybody both the rich and poor will have equal chances of making use of them. These services include provision of good pipe borne water, electricity, good roads, hospital, schools etc.
Most people in Nigeria nurse the habit of evading or avoiding tax payment i.e. they always avoid paying their taxes. With this state of affairs, the various tiers of government in the country don’t usually generate enough revenue that could enable them to effectively execute all the developmental projects highlighted in their budgets.
Alas, it has to be pointed out that the successive Nigeria governments have not made adequate and sincere efforts toward informing the tax dodger or evader on the need for them to pay the taxes. All attentions have been directed on the revenue from oil sector while taxes on agricultural produce, which supposed to be generating a lot of revenue to the country, are deliberately over looked.
Due to the immensely felt impact of taxes on development of our immediate community, the researcher wishes to look into the problems of paying tax by the public citizens, such problems are Tax evasion and tax avoidance by the public, Poor system of tax collection and lastly the Inability of the government to prosecute tax avoidance.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
It has been noted that taxation practice in Nigeria has come to play a significant role as a major source of revenue to the federal government by way of imposing tax on her citizens directly or indirectly. The act of evading and avoiding tax by most registered companies and some individuals has however affected the revenue base of the government especially in providing essential services to the populace. People naturally prefer to reduce their tax liabilities by deliberately overstating their expenses and make false entries and fictions in their books of account.
Thus, their act however, causes tremendous reduction in the revenue accruable to the government which eventually shrinks revenue to the treasure of government. The inability of the revenue board to collect substantial amount of money from tax is as a result of evasion and avoidance of tax. This research work examines the problems facing the revenue department in collecting taxes and levies under their jurisdiction with a view to indentifying possibilities at minimizing or even eradicating tax evasion and avoidance.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are as follow
1. To analyze the various causes of tax evasion and avoidance
2. To identify the factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in Nigeria.
3. To identify possible effects of the tax evasion and avoidance on the economic development of the country and Ogbomosho south local government in particular.
4. To analyze the effectiveness and flaws of various tax in the country
5. To examine ways in which tax evasion and avoidance can be reduce with the new reforms.
6. To examine tax reforms in Nigeria

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
For this research work to be effective, the researcher has being able to draft out the following questions:
1. What are the causes of tax evasion and avoidance?
2. What are the factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in Nigeria?
3. What are the possible effects of tax evasion and avoidance on the economy development of the country and Ogbomosho local government in particular?
4. Are tax laws in the country effective?
5. Has new tax reform reduce tax evasion and tax avoidance in Nigeria ?
6. Do the loopholes in the tax laws encourage tax evasion and tax avoidance in Nigeria?

1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES
To aid the research work the following hypotheses have been postulated. The null hypothesis is denoted by “Ho” while the alternative hypotheses is denoted by “H1”
1. H0: There is no significant difference between the expected tax revenue and the amount actually paid by those who evade and avoid tax
H1: There is a significant difference between expected tax revenue and the amount actually paid by those who evade and avoid tax
2. H0: There is no significant difference between the number of people who are due to pay personal income tax and those that actually pay tax
H1: There is a significant difference between number of people who are due to pay personal income tax and those that actually pay tax.
3. H0: There is no significant difference between numbers of registered enterprises that pay tax in the country
H1: There is a significance difference between numbers of registered enterprises that pay tax in the country or state

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work would be relevant to various tax authorities; the Federal Board of Inland Revenue, Local Government revenue committee as well as their tax officials who are responsible to collect tax on individual or corporate bodies. It gives them insight on how to improve the tax administration.
The research would also help the professional bodies like the Chartered Institute of taxation of Nigeria and the institute of chartered accountants of Nigeria as well as their members to see the areas of deficiency in the collections and call for improvement in tax revenue.
This research would also be relevant to the future researchers and the students of accounting, economics, business administration and other social and management sciences as well as the legislative body which can also benefit immensely from this research because it will form basis of tax policy formation, implementation and administration.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Since no single research can validly cover all areas of the topic, the researcher tends to limit the strength of the work done within the scope of how tax payers’ performances are influenced by the choice of the tax system. The study will focus primarily on Ogbomosho south local government in precise to enable the researcher carryout an extensive investigation on the subject matter within the chosen host community

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
It is not always unusual for researchers to encounter some difficulties in the course executing their primary assignment. However, in this research, the researcher was saddled with the following challenges:

• FINANCE: This is always a major limitation in a study of this nature, since the individual may not have enough money to carry out all the necessary procedures that are due to be fully observed.
• LACK OF DATA: There are areas where data are considered unavailable and which the researcher cannot lay hand on because the relevant information is sometimes termed confidential by the officials and unavailable to the outsiders.
• LACK OF CO-OPERATION:- By some of the respondents whom the questionnaires were been administered to. Some felt reluctant to supply vibrant answers to some questions supplied in the questionnaire

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
In order to aid understanding of this research work by the user/reader, special terms used in this study are:
TAX: This is a compulsory contribution imposed by government on individuals and corporate bodies for the use of government to provide facilities or service to her citizens.
TAX EVASION: This is the attitude adopted by tax payers to deliberately misrepresent the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities or include dishonest tax report such as declaring less income, profit or gains to escape tax liability (wholly or partially) by breaking the law.
TAX AVOIDANCE: This is a legal way by which a tax payer reduces his tax liabilities.
TAX LIABILITY: This is the amount that is borne by the tax payer
PAYE (PAY AS YOU EARN): This type of tax is based on the earnings of the tax payer.
CAPITAL GAIN TAX: This is the type of tax that is based on the gain realized from the sale of capital goods.
CORPORATE TAX: This is the type of tax that is based on the profit recorded within a company of corporate bodies  
CASINO REVENUE: This is the amount of the levy paid by people who operate at public places been rented to gamblers or for other amusements.
TAX LAWS: These are acts decree or regulations guiding the assessment and collection of taxes in the country.
STATE INLAND REVENUE: The body responsible for the collection of tax at state level.
FEDERAL INLAND REVENUE: The body responsible for the collection of tax at federal level
REVENUE: Amount of money realized by an individual or group or company
PERSONAL INCOME TAX DECREE 1993: The law guiding the assessment and collection of personal income tax

COMPANY INCOME TAX ACT 1990: The law regulating the assessment and collection of tax of corporate bodies

1.10                                                    PLAN OF THE STUDY
This project work is basically divided into five (5) chapters:
CHAPTER ONE: Takes on the introduction of the subject matter. If consists of the super significance and definition of terms of the study.
CHAPTER TWO: This is the literature review this entails the works that had been done on this particular topic which was done by other researchers.
CHAPTER THREE: Will talk about the Methodist that the researcher adopted in getting necessary materials or information that will facilitate the success of the research work.
CHAPTER FOUR: Explain how the researcher was able to analysis and present the data he got for his work while the chapter:
CHAPTER FIVE: Brings everything to conclusion the researcher does his summary and give necessary recommendation where needed.

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CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "factors or problems militating against the tax assessment and collection in nigeria" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

 

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