INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUITABILITY OF SAND AND GRAVEL MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
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TITLE PAGE
INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUITABILITY OF SAND AND GRAVEL MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
This report comprises the use of aggregate both fine and coarse aggregate in the production of concrete, these coarse aggregate are strong in compressive strength of concrete. The coarse and fine aggregate that posses both physical and mechanical properties in the production of concrete which in a correct proportion to give desire strength of the concrete. The mixing ratio that was used is 1:2:4 which known as pure mixing and the other ratio is ratio 1:3:6. 1:2:4 gives 1 head pan of cement with 2 head pan of sharp sand or fine aggregate while 4 head pan for coarse aggregate. After the production of the casted cube, curing was carried out. The duration of the curing is 7 days, 14 days, 28 days. After the curing days, compressive strength test was performed to determine the suitability of the sand and gravel materials in the strength of concrete generally used in the building construction.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of contents vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Statement of the problem 1
1.2 Aim and objectives 2
1.2.1 Objectives of the study 2
1.3 Justification of the study 2
1.4 Scope of study 3
1.5 Methodology 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 4
2.1 Cement 6
2.1.1 Properties of cement 7
2.2 Water 8
2.3 Sand 8
2.4 Granite 9
2.5 Grading of aggregate 9
2.6 mix proportion method 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research methodology 10
3.1 Mold acquisition 10
3.2 Quantity of materials needed for a concrete cube 10
3.2.1 Procedure uses 13
3.3 Mix design 14
3.3.1 Sorting and mixing procedure 14
3.4 Sieve size analysis 15
3.4.1 Sieve analysis test 15
3.4.2 Preparation for sieve analysis test 16
3.4.2.1 Procedure for sieve analysis test 16
3.5 Concrete slump test 16
3.5.1 Principle of slump test 17
3.5.2 Apparatus 17
3.5.3 Procedure for slump test 17
3.5.4 Limitation of the slump test 18
3.5.5 Differences in standard 18
3.6 Compressive strength test 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and discussion 28
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 32
References 32
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Sand and Gravel (Aggregate) are generally used in construction of building and other structures such as Lintel, Slab, Beam and Column. When concrete is freshly mixed the aggregates are suspended in cement, water, air bubble paste. Selection of types and size gradation of the aggregate depend upon the nature of the aggregate employed, a fairly precise balanced between the amount of fine and coarse aggregate size fraction may have to be maintained to achieve the desire mobility, plasticity and freedom from segregation (Olajide B.T 2013). Presence of aggregate provides an enormous contact area for intimate bond between the paste and the aggregate surfaces. Rigidity of aggregate greatly restrains volume change of the whole mass. Aggregate (sand and gravel) can be classified by their mineral, chemical, and physical properties, aggregate physical properties and direct result of its mineral and chemical properties, significantly improve the workability of the fresh concrete are contributed by proper choice of aggregate, this improvement is important in the properties of hardened concrete as well, such as properties and pavement slipperiness.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research work is comprises the finding of the fine and coarse aggregate from different area in Ilorin metropolis and uses of different aggregate size for the production of concrete and the compressive strength test is carryout to determine the compressive strength of concrete produced with different sizes of coarse aggregate.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Aim of this project is to investigate into the suitability of sand and gravel material use in the construction of buildings.
1.2.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ARE:
- To determine how gravel can be use for commercial purpose.
- To determine the strength capacity of the two materials i.e. sand and gravel for the purpose of construction.
- To be able to recommend a particular practicable design ratio for aggregate in the construction of a building.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The sand and gravel has been the principal construction material worldwide. Sand and gravel represent loose sediments originated by transport and deposition of more or less worn rock fragmented of certain size (Gravel 2 to 129mm, sand 0.065 to 2mm) which is the product of the weathering of rocks.
The ultimate use of sand and gravel determines the ratio of combination of sand and gravel size, the shape, rock type and composition. Sand and gravel are used mostly in the building industry in concrete mixtures, as drainage and filtration layers, road base fill and for foundation stabilization, e.g. sand are used in the building industry in mortar and concrete mixtures as an opening material in production of bricks.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
This research work is based on the experiment conducted in the laboratory of sand and gravel of Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin to determine the grade of particular size, likewise the strength. The scope is as follows:
- To perform sieve analysis test on fine and coarse aggregate.
- The production of concrete cube
- The compressive strength test.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
The method used in this project is the selection of different size of aggregate and the uses of those aggregate in the production of concrete according to British standard (B.S. 8110). The production of concrete cube is carried out and curing also takes place after the production in order to achieve maximum strength. There is production for 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days and compressive strength machine is use for the crushing which gives the actual strength for each production per day. The essence of this laboratory test is to determine the suitability of sand and gravel of different size particles in concrete production use in building construction works.
1.6 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "investigation into the suitability of sand and gravel materials commonly used in building construction" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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