RATIO ANALYSIS AS A TOOLS FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL MARKET
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TITLE PAGE
RATIO ANALYSIS AS A TOOLS FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL IN NIGERIA FINANCIAL MARKET
BY
---
EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
DECEMBER,2018
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work, "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
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Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
- Statement of the research problem
- Justification for the study
- Objective of the study
- Research hypothesis
- Scope of the study
- Plan of the study
- Limitation of the study
- Definition of term
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
- Theoretical framework
- User of Financial Statement
- Management of an organization
- Performance evaluation
- Management control system
- Method of performance evaluation
- Analysis and interpretation of financial statement
- Definition and relevance of financial ratio
- Classification of ratio analysis
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Introduction
- Types of Data
- Population and sample size
- Method of data collection
- Method of data analysis
- Brief History of First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Socio – demographic characteristic of response
4.2 Presentation of Questionnaire response
4.3 Testing of hypothesis
4.4 Result and Analysis of Liquidity ratio
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
- Summary
- Conclusion
- Recommendation
Bibliography
PROPOSAL
In this research work the Ratio Analysis as a tool for performance appraisal in Nigeria financial market in commercial banks were looked into vividly and some likely tool were also examined.
To the end, First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Ilorin was selected as a case study giving fair representation to the various classes of Commercial Bank in Nigeria some staff were interviewed orally as to the ratio analysis to the financial market in Commercial Bank in Nigeria and particularly in First Bank Plc.
It was observed that the present high rate of analysis and the direct product of our societal setting respectively where wealth is glorified respective of the source.
Questionnaire were drafted to identify the major important that hampered efficient performance of ratio analysis in the course of their audit daily financial market.
Finding revealed that the lack of effective and efficient internal and external control system and a poor recruitment exercise form part of the factors inducing and finding incidence of appraisal in Nigeria financial market in commercial.
Chapter one deals with introduction of the project. This introductory part which is in chapter one contain some basic element such as the back ground of the study objective of the study, plan of the study importance and benefits of the study which will given an insight or a guide to ward the research in the guest for answering the problem being investigated.
The scope of study, plan of the study has based on the research and investigation being carried out.
Chapter two contains all the following: Review of related literature nature and types of Ratio, role of ratio analysis and function of First Bank of Nigeria Plc, and the control that the topic of study has.
Chapter three deals with the research methodology sources from which that data information are being collected, method and mode of collecting the data needed. Historical background of the case study, organization structure of first Bank Nigeria Plc, balance sheet item of commercial banks.
Chapter four talks about the presentation and analysis of data, data analysis based on the journal presentation of response on the oral interview conducted.
Chapter five is the last chapter that the study will have to limit itself this chapter comprises of some sub-heading like summary of whole study, the conclusion on the study, the recommendation that will be give to the First Bank of Niger Plc, Ilorin branch as a case study and the bibliography which will give the full details of material made use of, for the effectives and success of the project work.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The concept of business entity in accounting practices which defines business as a separate entity from the owner brings forth stewardship reporting and accountability in any organization. Mores, the going concern concept anticipates a continuous life a firm within a foreseeable future. That is why the ultimate determine of the remain perpetually.
Moreover, the aim or objective of financial manager is to provide meaningful financial information about business enterprises to the outside world and for internal control as well as the management in decision making. This financial information are presented in financial statement. They are means of conveying to the management interested outside a concise picture of the profitability and financial position of a business. They constitute a report of managerial performance attesting to the managerial success or failure and flashing warning signals of inpending difficulties. (Meigs and meigs 1979). So, financial statement is obviously important to enable the users that have a clear picture of the position of the organization. It reports the liquidity and solvency of the company and the claim of these resources i.e debt owned, the equity of the owner and presents cash present cash position of the company.
It comprises comparative balance sheet, profit and loss account, income statement, cash flow statement, auditors report and some other necessary information base on year’s assessment.
Despite the fixation of financial statement, many user often fail to comprehend fully the information it intended to pass across, thus their desire one not met. This is due to the ambiguity of the financial statement where by the where by the volume of the data and figure mislead the users. In this sense, the for analysis and interpretation of the statement are imperative.
Financial statement can be converted and interpreted using three techniques. These are
- Vertical or Static Analysis:- It examines relationship within a statement. It deals with the relative percentage value of the statement.
- Horizontal or Dynamic Analysis:- This involves comparison of financial statement in respect of two more years. A weakness of this analysis is that comparism with the past does not afford any basis for evaluation in absolute terms.
- Ratio analysis: Is a commonly used technique in analyzing financial statement and it involves these of two difference economic units to ascertain performance.
It is obviously paramount since it practically evaluate performance that is check how strong or weak a company is. Therefore its interpretations are easily understand by the users.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Financial Ratio Analysis is a widely used tool for assessing the performance of an enterprises.
Financially statement is prepared in terms of historical costs. They do not fully reflect economic resources and managerial skill, hence poor decision may be made. The users of financial information are carried away by the figures displayed in the financial statement observing the trends of the financial investment while over – looking the performance of management as assess whether their resources have out to effective use. The analytical comparism of a large information is a problem to the users (The management of the company and the external users. Investors, analyst, creditor government and public).
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
Ratio analysis, being what it is can be perceived the production of relations for internal and external financial reports are important to summarize key relationship and results in order to appraise financial performance.
In this assessment this research will be of immense value in recent knowledge of at the enterprises and managerial achievement. This research is very useful to user of account and financial information. It is also to supplement the existing of the user of financial ratio as guide towards deterring company’s achievement as well as to show how financial ratio analysis can identity the strength and weakness of a company.
The research work can also serve as a materials for students who are interested in the study of financial rations as a tools for performance appraise.
- 4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study into financial ratio analysis as a tool for appraising performance is to assist the use of financial information make decision predict the future and monitor possible irregularities in managerial behaviours in business. Thus the main objectives of study are:-
- To determine the strength, weakness and opportunities based on the firms financial statement or performance and the threats to the continued existence of the organization.
- To assess the extent to which ratio analysis serves as techniques aid in decision making by management. To find out the extent, which the management. To find out the extent, which the management of the has been able to run and control effectively and efficiently, the assets and owners equity between the period under review.
- To find out the extent to which the trends indicated ratio are useful for prediction of the future last to make recommendation to the company.
- 5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis is assumptions upon which the researcher bases his finding for a data collected. The hypothesis basically formatted to be tested.
Ho – Ratio analysis cannot serve as a tool for
measuring managerial performance.
Hi – Ratio analysis can server as a tool for
measuring managerial performance.
Ho – Ratio analysis can not serve as tool for
measuring managerial performance.
Hi – Ratio analysis can serve as a tool for measuring profitability and efficient of a firm.
While chi-square is used to test validity of the hypothesis
- 6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study has been limited to five years financial summarize of First Bank of Nigeria PLC. Profit and loss account the value added statement using ratio and adequate interpretation was analyzed.
The study is carried out based on the fact that account represents a true and fair view of the company’s affair and not misleading.
Moreover, financial ratio will be compared with that of previous years using common size of statement, treads analysis i.e reaction of the economic unit overtime of the firm horizontal analysis.
The period was choosing because of its available financial statement representing its operation within the period 2002 to 2006.
- 7 PLAN OF THE STUDY
The research is written to examine financial ratio analysis as a tool for performance appraisal.
The study begins with chapter one that deals with background of the study statement of the problem justification of the study and definition of terms. Chapter two deal. With the literature review of the work of other author related to this research. Chapter three emphasizes on research methodology: type of data population and sample size, method of data collection, method of data analysis and brief history of First Bank of Nigeria Plc, Ilorin Chapter. Chapter Four embraces the data presentation and analysis testing of hypothesis result and analysis of liquidity ratio. Chapter five deals with summary, conclusion and recommendation
- 8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the cause of carrying out the research the following limitation are encumbered. The limitations of the study is majority the limited available and strick access to some data’s demanded by the research from the appropriate body in the organization as a result of high work schedule but however due to continuous patronage the data was later discharge. Another problem that serves as a limitation against the smooth conduct of this research work was the high cost of transportation and also strick assess to other schools library but with the help of financial support both from our parent and school authority, the stress or limitation was over come.
- 9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Performance: Is the ability to operate efficiently as well as action or achievement consider in relation to how it is (Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary 1995).
Financial statement: Are the instrument panel of a business enter prises and constitute a report on managerial performance attesting to managerial failure or success and flashing warming signal impending difficulties (Meigs and Meiga, 1979).
Ratio: Is a simple mathematical expression of the relationship of one item to another.
Balance sheet: A statement of financial position showing the nature and amount of company asset and liabilities and net worth it company of particular year.
Working capital: Is the excess of current asset over current liability of business.
Trends: Movement in data revealed by statistical process.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "ratio analysis as a tools for performance appraisal in nigeria financial market" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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